194
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Childhood exposure to parental nudity, parent‐child co‐sleeping, and “primal scenes”: A review of clinical opinion and empirical evidence

Pages 51-63 | Accepted 18 Jan 1995, Published online: 11 Jan 2010

References

  • Abramson , P. R. and Pinkerton , S. , eds. 1995 . Sexual nature, sexual culture. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Ainsworth , M. D. , Blehar , M. L. , Waters , E. and Wall , S. 1978 . Patterns of attachment. , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Anderson , M. D. , Nagle , R. J. , Roberts , W. A. and Smith , J. W. 1981 . Attachment to substitute caregivers as a function of center quality and caregiver involvement . Child Development , 52 : 53 – 61 .
  • Atteberry‐Bennett , J. 1987 . Child sexual abuse: Definitions and interventions of parents and professionals. , Department of Education, University of Virginia . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Barber , B. K. and Thomas , D. L. 1986 . Dimensions of fathers’ and mothers’ supportive behavior: The case for physical affection . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 48 : 783 – 794 .
  • Barry , H. and Paxson , L. 1971 . Infancy and early childhood: Cross‐cultural codes 2 . Ethnology , 10 : 466 – 508 .
  • Baruch , D. W. 1959 . New ways in sex education. , New York : McGraw .
  • Bates , J. E. , Maslin , C. A. and Frankel , K. A. 1985 . “ Attachment security, mother‐child interaction, and temperament as predictors of behavior problem ratings at age three years ” . In Growing points of attachment theory and research , Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development Edited by: Bretherton , I. and Waters , E. Vol. 50 , (1–2, Serial No. 209)
  • Beitchman , J. H. , Zucker , K. J. , Hood , J. E. , DaCosta , G. A. and Akman , D. 1991 . A review of the short‐term effects of child sexual abuse . Child Abuse & Neglect , 15 : 537 – 556 .
  • Beitchman , J. H. , Zucker , K. J. , Hood , J. E. , DaCosta , G. A. , Akman , D. and Cassavia , E. 1992 . A review of the long‐term effects of child sexual abuse . Child Abuse & Neglect , 16 : 101 – 118 .
  • Bennett , P. 1992 . Bunking down together . Los Angeles Times, , January 3 M. E1–2
  • Berger , B. 1977 . “ Child‐rearing research in communes: The extension of adult sexual behavior to young children ” . In The sexual and gender development of young children: The role of the educator , Edited by: Oremland , E. K. and Oremland , J. D. 159 – 164 . Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
  • Best , J. 1990 . Threatened children: Rhetoric and concern about child victims. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Blum , H. P. 1979 . On the concept and consequences of the primal scene . Psychoanalytic Quarterly , 48 : 27 – 47 .
  • Bolton , F. G. Jr. , Morris , L. A. and MacEachron , A. E. 1989 . Males at risk: The other side of child sexual abuse. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications .
  • Boszormenyi‐Nagy , I. and Spark , G. 1973 . Invisible loyalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Bottfeld , S. 1992 . Emotional sexual abuse . Gateway, , 18–19 December‐January : 35
  • Boyd‐Franklin , N. and Shenouda , N. T. 1990 . A multisystems approach to the treatment of a Black inner‐city family with a schizophrenic mother . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 60 : 186 – 195 .
  • Brazelton , T. B. 1969 . Infants and mothers: Individual differences in development. , New York : Delacorte Press .
  • Bremer , B. A. , Moore , C. T. and Bildersee , E. F. 1991 . Do you have to call it sexual harassment to feel harassed? . College Student Journal , 25 : 258 – 268 .
  • Burton , R. and Whiting , J. 1961 . The absent father and cross‐sex identity . Merrill‐Palmer Quarterly , 7 : 85 – 95 .
  • Caudill , W. and Plath , D. W. 1966 . Who sleeps by whom? Parent‐child involvement in urban Japanese families . Psychiatry , 29 : 344 – 366 .
  • Constantine , L. L. 1981 . “ The sexual rights of children: Implications of a radical perspective ” . In Sex and children , Edited by: Constantine , L. L. and Martinson , F. M. 255 – 263 . Boston : Little Brown & Company .
  • Coopersmith , S. 1967 . The antecedents of self‐esteem. , San Francisco : Freeman .
  • Crews , F. 1994 . The revenge of the repressed . The New York Review of Books, , XLI November 17 : 54 – 60 .
  • Dahl , G. 1982 . Notes on critical examinations of the primal scene concept . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association , 30 : 657 – 677 .
  • Dawes , R. M. 1994 . House of cards. , New York : Free Press .
  • DeCecco , J. P. and Shively , M. G. 1977 . “ Children's development: Social sex‐role and the hetero‐homosexual orientation ” . In The sexual and gender development of young children: The role of the educator , Edited by: Oremland , E. K. and Oremland , J. D. 89 – 90 . Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
  • Elder , G. 1974 . Children of the great depression: Social change in life experience. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Ellis , G. J. , Thomas , D. L. and Rollins , B. C. 1976 . Measuring parental support: The interrelationship of three measures . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 38 : 713 – 722 .
  • Esman , A. H. 1973 . The primal scene: A review and a reconsideration . Psychoanalytic Quarterly , 28 : 49 – 81 .
  • Fenichel , O. 1945 . The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. , New York : Norton .
  • Finch , S. 1982 . Viewing other‐sex genitals . Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality , 16 : 72
  • Finkelhor , D. and Redfield , D. 1984 . “ How the public defines sexual abuse ” . In Child sexual abuse: New theory and research , Edited by: Finkelhor , D. 107 – 133 . New York : Free Press .
  • Fleischhauer‐Hardt , F. and McBride , W. 1975 . Show me! A picture book of sex for children and their parents. , New York : St. Martins Press .
  • Forbes , J. F. , Weiss , D. S. and Folen , R. A. 1992 . The cosleeping habits of military children . Military Medicine , 157 : 196 – 200 .
  • Fox , P. 1992 . Implications for expressed emotion therapy within a family therapeutic context . Health & Social Work , 17 : 207 – 213 .
  • Fraiberg , S. 1959 . The magic years: Understanding and handling the problems of early childhood. , New York : Scribners .
  • Frankel , S. and Harrison , S. I. 1976 . Children's exposure to parental intercourse . Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality , 10 : 115 – 116 .
  • Franz , C. E. , McClelland , D. C. and Weinberger , J. 1991 . Childhood antecedents of conventional social accomplishment in mid‐life adults: A 36‐year prospective study . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 586 – 595 .
  • Gardner , R. A. 1975 . Exposing children to parental nudity . Medical Aspect of Human Sexuality , 9 : 99 – 100 .
  • Giovannoni , J. M. and Becerra , R. M. 1979 . Defining child abuse. , New York : Free Press .
  • Goodson , A. 1991 . Therapy, nudity, and joy. , Los Angeles : Elysium Growth Press .
  • Goldsmith , S. 1986 . Human sexuality: The family source book. , St. Louis : C. V. Mosby .
  • Gorman , K. H. 1981 . A note on primal scene issues with preschoolers . Family & Child Mental Health Journal , 7 : 38 – 42 .
  • Greenacre , P. 1973 . The primal scene and the sense of reality . Psychoanalytic Quarterly , 42 : 10 – 41 .
  • Hanks , C. C. and Rebelsky , F. G. 1977 . Mommy and the midnight visitor: A study of occasional co‐sleeping . Psychiatry , 40 : 277 – 280 .
  • Harlow , H. F. and Harlow , M. K. 1965 . “ The affectional systems ” . In Behavior of nonhuman primates: Modern research trends , Edited by: Schrier , A. M. , Harlow , H. F. and Stollnitz , F. Vol. 2 , 287 – 334 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Harrison , S. 1976 . Children's exposure to parental nudity . Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality , 10 : 99 – 100 .
  • Hartman , W. E. , Fithian , M. and Johnson , D. 1991 . Nudist society , (2nd ed.) , Los Angeles : Elysium Growth Press .
  • Hatfield , R. W. 1987 . Sexual intimacies and affection in adulthood as determined by family religiousness and childrearing practices . Dissertation Abstracts International , Doctoral dissertation 48/02 University of Cincinnati
  • Haynes‐Seman , C. and Krugman , R. D. 1989 . Sexualized attention: Normal interaction or precursor to sexual abuse? . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 59 : 238 – 245 .
  • Heilbrun , A. B. 1964 . Parental model attributes, nurturant reinforcement, and consistency of behavior in adolescents . Child Development , 35 : 151 – 167 .
  • Higgins , D. J. and McCabe , M. P. 1994 . Impact of child sexual abuse and family violence on adult adjustment: Towards an integrated risk‐sequelae model . The Journal of Sex Research , 31 : 1 – 12 .
  • Hollender , J. W. , Duke , M. P. and Nowicki , S. 1973 . Interpersonal distance: Sibling structure and parental affection . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 123 : 35 – 45 .
  • Homan , W. E. 1969 . Child sense: A pediatrician's guide for today's families. , New York : Bantam Books .
  • Hoyt , M. F. 1978 . Primal scene experiences as recalled and reported by college students . Psychiatry , 41 : 57 – 71 .
  • Hoyt , M. F. 1979 . Primal‐scene experiences: Quantitative assessment of an interview study . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 8 : 225 – 245 .
  • Hyson , M. C. , Whitehead , L. C. and Prudhoe , C. M. 1988 . Influences on attitudes toward physical affection between adults and children . Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 3 : 55 – 75 .
  • Ingamells , D. 1993 . Systemic approaches to psychosis: The systemic context . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy , 14 : 21 – 28 .
  • Isay , R. 1978 . The pathogenicity of the primal scene . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association , 26 : 131 – 142 .
  • Jaschik , M. L. and Fretz , B. R. 1991 . Women's perceptions and labeling of sexual harassment . Sex Roles , 25 : 19 – 23 .
  • Johnston , C. M. and Deisher , R. W. 1973 . Contemporary communal child rearing: A first analysis . Pediatrics , 51 : 319 – 326 .
  • Jones , K. L. , Shainberg , L. W. and Byer , C. O. 1985 . Dimensions of human sexuality. , Dubuque, IA : William C. Brown .
  • Justice , B. and Justice , R. 1979 . The broken taboo. , New York : Human Sciences Press .
  • Kaplan , S. L. and Poznanski , E. 1970 . Child psychiatric patients who share a bed with a parent . Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 9 : 347 – 356 .
  • Kelly , G. F. 1981 . “ Parents as sex educators ” . In Sex education in the eighties , Edited by: Brown , L. 101 – 114 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Kendall‐Tackett , K. A. , Williams , L. M. and Finkelhor , D. 1993 . Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical findings . Psychological Bulletin , 113 : 164 – 180 .
  • Kilpatrick , A. C. 1992 . Long‐range effects of child and adolescent sexual experiences: Myths, mores, menaces. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Klaus , M. H. and Kennell , J. H. 1982 . Parent‐infant bonding. , St. Louis : C. V. Mosby .
  • Korner , A. F. 1984 . “ The many faces of touch ” . In The many facets of touch , Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Round Table Series Edited by: Brown , C. C. 107 – 113 . Johnson & Johnson Baby Products Company .
  • Koss , M. P. , Dinero , T. E. and Seibel , C. A. 1988 . Stranger and acquaintance rape: Are there differences in the victim's experience? . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 12 : 1 – 24 .
  • Kritsberg , W. 1993 . The invisible wound: A new approach to healing childhood sexual trauma. , New York : Bantam .
  • Krug , R. S. 1989 . Adult male report of childhood sexual abuse by mothers: Case descriptions, motivations and long‐term consequences . Child Abuse and Neglect , 13 : 111 – 119 .
  • Kugelmass , I. N. 1959 . Complete child care. , New York : Holt Rinehart & Winston .
  • Lawson , C. 1991 . Clinical assessment of mother‐son sexual abuse . Clinical Social Work Journal , 19 : 391 – 403 .
  • Levine , B. 1993 . The forbidden touch . Los Angeles Times, , November 18 : E1 – 2 .
  • Levine , M. P. and Troiden , R. R. 1988 . The myth of sexual compulsivity . The Journal of Sex Research , 25 : 347 – 363 .
  • Lewis , R. J. and Janda , L. H. 1988 . The relationship between adult sexual adjustment and childhood experiences regarding exposure to nudity, sleeping in the parental bed, and parental attitudes toward sexuality . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 17 : 349 – 362 .
  • Loftus , E. . Constructed memories. . Paper presented at the first annual meeting of the UCLA Psychology Alumni Association . Los Angeles. February ,
  • Loftus , E. and Ketchum , K. 1994 . The myth of repressed memory: False memories and allegations of sexual abuse. , New York : St. Martins .
  • Lozoff , B. , Wolf , A. W. and Davis , N. S. 1984 . Co‐sleeping in urban families with young children in the United States . Pediatrics , 74 : 171 – 182 .
  • Love , P. and Robinson , J. 1990 . The emotional incest syndrome: What to do when a parent's love rules your life. , New York : Bantam .
  • Madansky , D. and Edelbrock , C. 1990 . Co‐sleeping in a community sample of 2‐ and 3‐year‐old children . Pediatrics , 86 : 197 – 203 .
  • Martinson , F. M. 1977 . “ Eroticism in childhood: A sociological perspective ” . In The sexual and gender development of young children: The role of the educator , Edited by: Oremland , E. K. and Oremland , J. D. 73 – 82 . Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
  • Martinson , F. M. 1994 . The sexual life of children. , Westport, CT : Bergin & Garvey .
  • McKenna , J. J. 1986 . An anthropological perspective on the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): The role of parental breathing cues and speech breathing adaptations . Medical Anthropology , 10 : 9 – 92 .
  • Montagu , A. 1971 . Touching: The human significance of the skin. , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Morelli , G. A. , Rogoff , B. , Oppenheim , D. and Goldsmith , D. 1992 . Culture variations in infant's sleeping arrangements: Questions of independence . Developmental Psychology , 28 : 604 – 613 .
  • Myers , W. A. 1974 . The primal scene: Exposure to parental intercourse . Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality , 8 : 156 – 165 .
  • Myers , W. A. 1979 . Clinical consequences of chronic primal scene exposure . Psychoanalytic Quarterly , 48 : 1 – 26 .
  • Okami , P. . Is child abuse normatively sanctioned? . Paper presented at the 16th annual Hunter College Psychology Convention . New York. May ,
  • Okami , P. 1990 . “ Sociopolitical biases in the contemporary research on adult human sexual behavior with children and adolescents ” . In Pedophilia: Biosocial dimensions , Edited by: Feierman , J. 91 – 121 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Okami , P. 1992 . “Child perpetrators of sexual abuse”: The emergence of a problematic deviant category . The Journal of Sex Research , 29 : 109 – 130 .
  • Oleinick , M. S. , Bahn , A. K. , Eisenberg , L. and Lilienfield , A. M. 1966 . Early socialization experiences . Archives of General Psychiatry , 15 1966
  • Oremland , J. D. 1977 . “ Conclusions ” . In The sexual and gender development of young children: The role of the educator , Edited by: Oremland , E. K. and Oremland , J. D. 293 – 305 . Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
  • Parker , S. and Parker , H. 1991 . Female victims of child sexual abuse: Adult adjustment . Journal of Family Violence , 6 : 183 – 197 .
  • Peltz , M. 1977 . “ Sexual and gender development in nursery school years ” . In The sexual and gender development of young children: The role of the educator , Edited by: Oremland , E. K. and Oremland , J. D. 39 – 49 . Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
  • Prescott , J. 1979 . “ Deprivation of physical affection as a primary process in the development of physical violence: A comparative and cross‐cultural perspective ” . In Child abuse and violence , Edited by: Gil , D. G. 66 – 137 . New York : AMS Press .
  • Reite , M. L. 1984 . “ Touch, attachment, and health—is there a relationship? ” . In The many facets of touch , Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Round Table Series Edited by: Brown , C. C. 58 – 65 . Johnson & Johnson Baby Products Company .
  • Rosenfeld , A. A. , Smith , C. R. , Wenegrat , M. A. , Brewster , M. A. and Haavik , D. K. 1980 . The primal scene: A study of prevalence . American Journal of Psychiatry , 137 : 1426 – 1428 .
  • Rosenfeld , A. A. , Wenegrat , A. O. , Haavik , D. K. and Smith , C. R. 1982 . Sleeping patterns in upper‐middle‐class families when the child awakens ill or frightened . Archives of General Psychiatry , 39 : 943 – 947 .
  • Rothstein , A. 1979 . Oedipal conflicts in narcissistic personality disorders . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 60 : 189 – 199 .
  • Sears , R. R. , Maccoby , E. E. and Leving , H. 1957 . Patterns of child rearing. , Evanston, IL : Row & Peterson .
  • Segal , J. and Segal , Z. 1990 . Standards on nudity . Parents Magazine , 65 May : 211
  • Shalit , R. 1993 . Romper room . The New Republic , 209 March 29 : 13 – 16 .
  • Smith , D. C. and Sparks , W. 1986 . The naked child: Growing up without shame. , Los Angeles : Elysium Growth Press .
  • Solnit , A. J. 1977 . “ Sexual and gender development in the context of the family, school, and society ” . In The sexual and gender development of young children: The role of the educator , Edited by: Oremland , E. K. and Oremland , J. D. 3 – 10 . Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
  • Sperling , M. 1971 . “ Sleep disturbances in children ” . In Modern perspectives in international child psychiatry , Edited by: Howells , J. C. 418 – 453 . New York : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Spock , B. 1945 . The common sense book of baby and child care. , New York : Duell, Sloan and Pearce .
  • Spock , B. 1984 . Mommy, can I sleep in your bed? . Parents Magazine, , December : 129
  • Sroufe , A. L. and Ward , M. J. 1980 . Seductive behavior of mothers of toddlers: Occurrence, correlates, and family origins . Child Development , 51 : 1222 – 1229 .
  • Sroufe , A. L. , Jacobvitz , D. , Mangelsdorf , S. , DeAngelo , E. and Ward , M. J. 1985 . Generational boundary dissolution between mothers and their preschool children: A relationship systems approach . Child Development , 56 : 317 – 325 .
  • Sroufe , A. L. and Fleeson , J. 1986 . “ Attachment and the construction of relationships ” . In Relationships and development , Edited by: Hartup , W. W. and Rubin , Z. 51 – 71 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Starker , S. 1988 . Self‐help treatment books: The rest of the story . American Psychologist , 43 : 599 – 600 .
  • Stephens , W. 1972 . A cross‐cultural study of modesty . Behavioral Science Notes , 7 : 1 – 28 .
  • Story , M. D. 1979 . Factors associated with more positive body self‐concepts in preschool children . The Journal of Social Psychology , 108 : 49 – 56 .
  • Tarrier , N. 1989 . Electrodermal activity, expressed emotion and outcome in schizophrenia. Special Issue: Schizophrenia as a systems disorder: The relevance of mediating processes for theory and therapy . British Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 51 – 56 .
  • Tavris , C. 1994 . Playing without a full deck . The Los Angeles Times Book Review, , May 8 : 13
  • Thevinin , T. 1976 . The family bed: An age‐old concept in childrearing. , Minneapolis : Author .
  • Tracy , R. L. and Ainsworth , M. D. S. 1981 . Maternal affectionate behavior and infant‐mother attachment patterns . Child Development , 52 : 1341 – 1343 .
  • Vaillant , G. E. 1977 . Adaptation to like. , Boston : Little Brown & Co. .
  • Weisner , T. S. 1986 . “ Implementing new relationship styles in American families ” . In Relationships and development , Edited by: Hartup , W. W. and Rubin , Z. 185 – 206 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Weisner , T. S. and Gamier , H. 1992 . Noncon‐ventional family lifestyles and school achievement: A 12‐year longitudinal study . American Education Review Journal , 29 : 605 – 632 .
  • Weisner , T. S. and Wilson‐Mitchell , J. E. 1990 . Nonconventional family life‐styles and sex typing in six‐year‐olds . Child Development , 61 : 1915 – 1933 .
  • Weiss , S. J. 1984 . “ The many faces of touch ” . In The many facets of touch , Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Round Table Series Edited by: Brown , C. C. 107 – 113 . Johnson & Johnson Baby Products Company .
  • Whitfield , C. L. 1993 . Boundaries and relationships. , Deerfield Beach, FL : Health Communications .
  • Whiting , J. W. M. 1964 . “ The effects of climate on certain cultural practices ” . In Explorations in cultural anthropology: Essays in honor of George Peter Murdock , Edited by: Goodenough , W. H. 511 – 544 . New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Whiting , B. B. and Edwards , C. 1988 . Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Whitman‐Flamm , L. 1991 . Parent‐child co‐sleeping: The impact on family relationships . Dissertation Abstracts International ,
  • Wilson , P. C. 1980–81 . Parental overstimulation in asthma . International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy , 8 : 601 – 621 .
  • Woititz , J. G. 1983 . Adult children of alcoholics. , Hollywood, FL : Health Communications .
  • Woititz , J. G. 1989 . Healing your sexual self. , Deerfield, FL : Health Communications .
  • Zanolli , K. , Saudergas , R. and Twardosz , S. 1990 . Two‐year olds’ responses to affectionate and caregiving teacher behavior . Child Study Journal , 20 : 35 – 54 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.