References
- Altemeyer , B. 1988 . Enemies of freedom: Understanding right‐wing authoritarianism , San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
- Alwin , D. F. and Krosnick , J. A. 1991 . Aging, cohorts, and the stability of sociopolitical orientations over the life span. . American Journal of Sociology , 97 : 169 – 195 .
- Ball‐Rokeach , S. , Rokeach , M. and Grube , J. 1984 . The great American value test , New York : Free Press .
- Bontempo , R. 1993 . Translation fidelity of psychological scales: An item response theory analysis of an individualism‐collectivism scale. . Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology , 24 : 149 – 166 .
- Brody , N. 1980 . Social motivation. . Annual Review of Psychology , 31 : 143 – 168 .
- Carver , C. S. and Scheier , M. F. 1978 . Self‐focusing effects of dispositional self‐consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 324 – 332 .
- Cialdini , R. B. , Trost , M. R. and Newsom , J. T. 1995 . Preference for consistency: The development of a valid measure and the discovery of surprising behavioral implications. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 318 – 328 .
- Davies , M. F. 1984 . Differentiation in judgments of self and others: The role of self‐consciousness. . Personality and Individual Differences , 5 : 455 – 460 .
- Echebarria , A. and Valencia , J. F. 1994 . Private self‐consciousness as a moderator of the importance of attitude and subjective norm: The prediction of voting. . European Journal of Social Psychology , 24 : 285 – 293 .
- Eckhardt , W. 1991 . Authoritarianism. . Political Psychology , 12 : 97 – 124 .
- Feather , N. T. 1995 . Values, valences, and choice: The influence of values on the perceived attractiveness and choice of alternatives. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 1135 – 1151 .
- Feather , N. T. and Newton , J. W. 1982 . Values, expectations, and the prediction of social action: An expectancy‐valence analysis. . Motivation and Emotion , 6 : 217 – 244 .
- Fenigstein , A. , Scheier , M. F. and Buss , A. H. 1975 . Public and private self‐consciousness: Assessment and theory. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 : 522 – 527 .
- Festinger , L. 1957 . A theory of cognitive dissonance , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
- Franzoi , S. L. , Davis , M. H. and Markwiese , B. 1990 . A motivational explanation for the existence of private self‐consciousness differences. . Journal of Personality , 58 : 641 – 659 .
- Grube , J. W. , Mayton , D. M. and Ball‐Rokeach , S. J. 1994 . Inducing change in values, attitudes and behaviors: Belief system theory and the method of value self‐confrontation. . Journal of Social Issues , 50 : 153 – 173 .
- Haddock , G. , Zanna , M. P. and Esses , V. M. 1993 . Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 1105 – 1118 .
- Han , S.‐P. and Shavitt , S. 1994 . Persuasion and culture: Advertising appeals in individualistic and collectivistic societies. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 30 : 326 – 350 .
- Heider , F. 1958 . The psychology of interpersonal relations , New York : Wiley .
- Herek , G. M. 1986 . The instrumentality of attitudes: Toward a neofunctional theory. . Journal of Social Issues , 42 : 99 – 144 .
- Hofstede , G. 1980 . Culture's consequence. International differences in work‐related values , London : Sage .
- Hsu , F. L. K. 1983 . Rugged individualism reconsidered , Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press .
- Judd , C. M. and Krosnick , J. A. 1989 . “ The structural basis of consistency among political attitudes: The effects of political expertise and attitude importance ” . In Attitude structure and function , Edited by: Pratkanis , A. R. , Breckler , S. J. and Greenwald , A. G. 99 – 128 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Katz , D. 1960 . The functional approach to the study of attitudes. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 24 : 163 – 204 .
- Katz , I. and Hass , R. G. 1988 . Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 893 – 905 .
- Kemmelmeier , M. 1996 . [Correlates of individualism‐collectivism] Unpublished raw data
- Kemmelmeier , M. in press . Individualism and attitudes toward affirmative action: Evidence from priming studies . Basic and Applied Psychology. ,
- Kemmelmeier , M. and Burnstein , E. 1998 . The psychological reality of an authoritarianism‐individualism dimension Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
- Kemmelmeier , M. , Burnstein , E. and Peng , K. 1999 . Individualism and authoritarianism shape attitudes toward physician‐assisted suicide. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 29 : 2613 – 2631 .
- Kemmelmeier , M. , Erb , H.‐P. , Wieczorkowska , G. and Burnstein , E. in press . Individualism, authoritarianism and attitudes toward physician‐assisted suicide: Cross‐cultural, cross‐regional, and experimental evidence . Journal of Applied Social Psychology. ,
- Kinder , D. and Sears , D. 1985 . “ Public opinion and political action ” . In Handbook of social psychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. Vol. 2 , 659 – 741 . New York : Random House .
- Kristiansen , C. M. and Zanna , M. P. 1988 . Justifying attitudes by appealing to values: A functional perspective. . British Journal of Social Psychology , 27 : 247 – 256 .
- Kristiansen , C. M. and Zanna , M. P. 1991 . Value relevance and the value‐attitude relation: Value expressiveness versus halo effects. . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 12 : 471 – 483 .
- Krosnick , J. A. and Alwin , D. F. 1989 . Aging and susceptibility to attitude change. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 416 – 425 .
- Krosnick , J. A. , Boninger , D. S. , Chuang , Y. C. , Berent , M. K. and Carnot , C. G. 1993 . Attitude strength: One construct or many related constructs. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 1132 – 1151 .
- Miller , L. E. and Grush , J. E. 1986 . Individual differences in attitudinal versus normative determination of behavior. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 22 : 190 – 202 .
- Nasby , W. 1985 . Private self‐consciousness, articulation of the self‐schema, and recognition memory of trait adjectives. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 704 – 709 .
- Nasby , W. 1989a . Private and public self‐consciousness and articulation of the self‐schema. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 117 – 123 .
- Nasby , W. 1989b . Private self‐consciousness, self‐awareness, and the reliability of self‐reports. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 950 – 957 .
- Neuberg , S. L. and Newsom , J. T. 1993 . Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 113 – 131 .
- Oyserman , D. 1993 . The lens of personhood: Viewing the self, others, and conflict in a multicultural society. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 65 : 993 – 1009 .
- Peng , K. , Kemmelmeier , M. , Burnstein , B. and Manis , M. 1996 . Individualism‐collectivism and interethnic friendships . Poster session presented at the conference of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues . May 1996 , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Peterson , R. S. 1994 . The role of values in predicting fairness judgments and support of affirmative action. . Journal of Social Issues , 50 : 95 – 115 .
- Petty , R. E. and Jarvis , W. B. G. 1996 . “ An individual differences perspective on assessing cognitive processes ” . In Answering questions , Edited by: Schwarz , N. and Sudman , S. 221 – 257 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey‐Bass .
- Quill , T. E. 1993 . Death and dignity: Making choices and taking charge , New York : Norton .
- Rogers , J. R. 1996 . Assessing right to die attitudes: A conceptually guided measurement model. . Journal of Social Issues , 52 : 63 – 84 .
- Rokeach , M. 1973 . The nature of human values , New York : Free Press .
- Rokeach , M. , ed. 1979 . Understanding human values: Individual and societal , New York : Free Press .
- Scheier , M. F. 1980 . Effects of public and private self‐consciousness on the public expression of personal beliefs. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 637 – 644 .
- Schwartz , S. H. 1994 . Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? . Journal of Social Issues , 50 : 19 – 45 .
- Sears , D. O. 1986 . College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 515 – 530 .
- Shrum , L. J. and McCarty , J. A. 1992 . Individual differences in differentiation in the rating of personal values. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 18 : 223 – 230 .
- Singelis , T. M. 1994 . The measurement of independent and interdependent self‐construals. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 : 580 – 591 .
- Singelis , T. M. , Triandis , H. C. , Bhawuk , D. and Gelfand , M. J. 1995 . Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. . Cross‐Cultural Research , 29 : 240 – 275 .
- Smith , M. B. , Bruner , J. S. and White , R. W. 1956 . Opinions and personality , New York : Wiley .
- Snyder , M. 1974 . The self‐monitoring of expressive behavior. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 30 : 526 – 537 .
- Snyder , M. and DeBono , K. G. 1989 . “ Understanding the functions of attitudes: Lessons from personality and social behavior ” . In Attitude structure and function , Edited by: Pratkanis , A. R. , Breckler , S. J. and Greenwald , A. G. 339 – 359 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Snyder , M. and Ickes , W. 1985 . “ Personality and social behavior ” . In Handbook of social psychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. Vol. 2 , 883 – 947 . New York : Random House .
- Szasz , T. S. 1999 . Fatal freedom: The ethics and politics of suicide , New York : Praeger .
- Thomas , C. B. 1986 . Values as predictors of social activist behavior. . Human Relations , 39 : 179 – 193 .
- Triandis , H. C. 1995 . Individualism and collectivism , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
- Triandis , H. C. 1996 . The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. . American Psychologist , 51 : 407 – 415 .
- Triandis , H. C. and Gelfand , M. J. 1998 . Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 118 – 128 .
- Vallacher , R. R. and Slodky , M. 1979 . Objective self‐awareness, standards of evaluation, and moral behavior. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 15 : 254 – 262 .
- Wicklund , R. A. 1982 . “ Self‐focused attention and the validity of self‐reports ” . In The Ontario Symposium: Consistency in social behavior , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. , Higgins , E. T. and Hermans , P. C. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Ybarra , O. and Trafimow , D. 1998 . How priming the private self or collective self affects the relative weights of attitudes and subjective norms. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 : 362 – 370 .