References
- Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self‐esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(4), 317–334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180403
- Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice (pp. 537). Addison-Wesley.
- Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & McKenna, K. Y. (2006). The contact hypothesis reconsidered: Interacting via the internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(3), 825–843. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00037.x
- Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006). Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 652. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.652
- Arden, M. A., & Chilcot, J. (2020). Health psychology and the coronavirus (COVID‐19) global pandemic: A call for research. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(2), 231–232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12414
- Barlett, C. P., Simmers, M., Brendan, R., & Gentile, D. A. (2021). Comparing cyberbullying prevalence and process before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Social Psychology, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2021
- Biernat, M. (1990). Stereotypes on campus: How contact and liking influence perceptions of group distinctiveness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(18), 1485–1513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01489.x
- Brewer, M. B., & Gaertner, S. L. (2003). Toward reduction of prejudice: Intergroup contact and social categorization. In R. Brown & S.L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes, 451–472. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470693421.ch22
- Carter, H., Drury, J., Amlôt, R., Rubin, G. J., & Williams, R. (2015). Effective responder communication, perceived responder legitimacy, and group identification predict public cooperation and compliance in a mass decontamination visualization experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(3), 173–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12286
- CDC COVID Data Tracker. (2021, February 26th).https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/
- Cinar, I. (2010). Classroom geography: Who sit where in the traditional classrooms? Journal of International Social Research, 3(10). https:www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/classroom-geography-who-sit-where-in-the-traditional-classrooms.pdf
- Cocking, C., Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2009). The psychology of crowd behaviour in emergency evacuations: Results from two interview studies and implications for the fire and rescue services. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 30(1–2), 59–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2009.10446298
- Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Intergroup bias. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 1084–1121). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002029
- Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Saguy, T. (2008). Another view of “we”: Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity. European Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 296–330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280701726132
- Dovidio, J. F., Love, A., Schellhaas, F. M., & Hewstone, M. (2017). Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 606–620. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217712052
- Drury, J. (2018). The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 38–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1471948
- Drury, J., & Cocking, C. (2007). The mass psychology of disasters and emergency evacuations: A research report and implications for practice. Unpublished manuscript. University of Sussex, Brighton. Available at; http://www.sussex.ac.uk/affiliates/panic/applications.html
- Drury, J., Cocking, C., & Reicher, S. (2009). Everyone for themselves? A comparative study of crowd solidarity among emergency survivors. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X357893
- Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (2001). The immigration dilemma: The role of perceived group competition, ethnic prejudice, and national identity. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 389–412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00220
- Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
- Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias. European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779343000004
- Gordils, J., Elliot, A. J., Jamieson, J. P., & Shook, N. J. (2021b). The effect of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes. Plos One, 16(1), e0245671. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245671
- Gordils, J., Elliot, A. J., Toprakkiran, S., & Jamieson, J. P. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 on perceived intergroup competition and negative intergroup outcomes. Journal of Social Psychology, 1–16. h ttps://d oi-org.ezp.lib.rochester.edu/1 0.1 080/00224545.2021
- Gordils, J., Sommet, N., Elliot, A. J., & Jamieson, J. P. (2020). Racial income inequality, perceptions of competition, and negative interracial outcomes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619837003
- Hayes, A. F., & Scharkow, M. (2013). The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis: Does method really matter? Psychological Science, 24(10), 1918–1927. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613480187
- Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the “contact hypothesis.” In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1– 44). Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell
- Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D., Otten, S., & Hinkle, S. (2004). The social identity perspective: Intergroup relations, self-conception, and small groups. Small Group Research, 35(3), 246276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496404263424
- Huddy, L., & Khatib, N. (2007). American patriotism, national identity, and political involvement. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00237.x
- Islam, M. R., & Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,19(6), 700–710.
- Kang, O., Rubin, D., & Lindemann, S. (2015). Mitigating US undergraduates’ attitudes toward international teaching assistants. Tesol Quarterly, 49(4), 681–706. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.192
- Lambert, A. J., Scherer, L. D., Schott, J. P., Olson, K. R., Andrews, R. K., O’Brien, T. C., & Zisser, A. R. (2010). Rally effects, threat, and attitude change: An integrative approach to understanding the role of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 886. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019086
- Lemmer, G., & Wagner, U. (2015). Can we really reduce ethnic prejudice outside the lab? A meta-analysis of direct and indirect contact interventions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 152–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2079
- Lifshin, U., & Mikulincer, M. (in press). Further evidence for motivated helplessness in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Argentina before and during the pandemic. Journal of Social Psychology
- Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Jetten, J. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), 808. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.808
- Masson, C. N., & Verkuyten, M. (1993). Prejudice, ethnic identity, contact and ethnic group preferences among Dutch young adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01058.x
- Page-Gould, E., Mendes, W. B., & Major, B. (2010). Intergroup contact facilitates physiological recovery following stressful intergroup interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(5), 854–858. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.006
- Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598
- Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. I. Braun, D. N. Jackson, & D. E. Wiley (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement (pp. 49 – 69). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
- Paulhus, D. L., & Reid, D. B. (1991). Enhancement and denial in socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.307
- Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
- Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2011). Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(3), 271–280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001
- Reicher, S. D. (1996). ‘The battle of Westminster’: Developing the social identity model of crowd behaviour in order to explain the initiation and development of collective conflict. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26(1), 115–134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199601)26:1<115::AID-EJSP740>3.0.CO;2-Z
- Ren, S. Y., Gao, R. D., & Chen, Y. L. (2020). Fear can be more harmful than the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in controlling the corona virus disease 2019 epidemic. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 8(4), 652. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i4.652
- Schaller, M., Neuberg, S. L. 2012. Danger, disease, and the nature of prejudice(s). In Olson, J. & Zanna, M. P. (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 46): 1–54. Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978–0–12–394281–4.00001–5
- Schiller, B., Baumgartner, T., & Knoch, D. (2014). Intergroup bias in third-party punishment stems from both ingroup favoritism and outgroup discrimination. Evolution and Human Behavior, 35(3), 169–175. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.12.006
- Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Cairns, E., & Hughes, J. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of social identity complexity: Intergroup contact, distinctiveness threat, and outgroup attitudes. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(8), 1085–1098. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209337037
- Sidanius, J., Haley, H., Molina, L., & Pratto, F. (2007). Vladimir’s choice and the distribution of social resources: A group dominance perspective. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(2), 257–265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207074732
- Sime, J. D. (1983). Affiliative behavior during escape to building exits. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80019-X
- Situation by Country, Territory & Area. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2020, from https://covid19.who.int/table
- Solnit, R. (2010). A paradise built in hell: The extraordinary communities that arise in disaster. Penguin.
- Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of social issues,41(3), 157–175.
- Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cup Archive.
- Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.
- Turner, J.C. (1981). “The experimental social psychology of intergroup behavior”. In: Turner J.C. and Giles, H. (Eds) Intergroup Behavior, Blackwell, Oxford.
- Uffler, S., Bartier, J. C., Pelaccia, T., & Dalby, A. R. (2017). Are health sciences students who sit at the back of the lecture hall not motivated? PloS One, 12(3), e0174947. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174947
- Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., … Drury, J. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 460–471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884–z
- Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Crisp, R. J., Giovannini, D., Capozza, D., & Gaertner, S. L. (2015). Imagined intergroup contact and common ingroup identity. Social Psychology, 46(5), 265–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000242
- White, F. A., Abu-Rayya, H. M., & Weitzel, C. (2014). Achieving twelve-months of intergroup bias reduction: The dual identity-electronic contact (DIEC) experiment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 158–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.08.002
- Wilder, D. A., & Allen, V. L. (1978). Group membership and preference for information about others. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(1), 106–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/014616727800400122
- Wiwad, D., Mercier, B., Maraun, M. D., Robinson, A. R., Piff, P. K., Aknin, L. B., Shariff, A. F., & Wisneski, D. (2019). The support for economic inequality scale: Development and adjudication. PloS One, 14(6), e0218685. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218685