Cutting Film Violence: Effects on Perceptions, Enjoyment, and Arousal

References

• Atkin , C. 1983 . Effects of realistic TV violence vs. fictional violence on aggression . Journalism Quarterly , 60 : 615 – 621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1971 . Social learning theory , New York : General Learning Press .
   Google Scholar
• BBFC . 1995 . British Board of Film Classification: Annual report 1995–1996 , London : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , L. and Rawlings , E. 1963 . Effects of film violence on inhibitions against subsequent aggression. . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 66 ( 5 ) : 405 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle , G. J. 1984 . Effects of viewing a road trauma film on emotional and motivational factors . Accident Analysis & Prevention , 16 ( 5–6 ) : 383 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzzuto , J. C. 1975 . Cinematic neurosis following . The Exorcist. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 161 : 43 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor , J. 1991 . “ Fright responses to mass media predictions ” . In Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes , Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 169 – 197 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor , J. and Reilley , S. 1982 . Adolescents' fright reactions to television and films. . Journal of Communications , 32 ( 1 ) : 87 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock , G. and Paik , H. 1991 . Television and the American child , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Comstock , G. and Strasburger , V. C. 1990 . Deceptive appearances: Television violence and aggressive behavior. . Journal of Adolescent Health Care , 11 ( 1 ) : 31 – 44 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diener , E. and Defour , D. 1978 . Does television violence enhance program popularity? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 ( 3 ) : 333 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnerstein , E. , Slaby , R. and Eron , L. 1994 . “ The mass media and youth violence ” . In Violence and youth: Psychology's response , Edited by: Murray , J. , Rubinstein , E. and Comstock , G. Vol. 2 , 185 – 256 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , E. 1984 . The relationship between sensation-seeking and horror movie interest and attendance , Knoxville : University of Tennessee . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Falkowski , J. and Steptoe , A. 1983 . Biofeedback-assisted relaxation in the control of reactions to a challenging task and anxiety-provoking film . Behavior Research and Therapy , 21 : 161 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federman , J. 1996 . Film and television ratings: An international assessment , Studio City, CA : Mediascope . unpublished report
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs , D. A. and Lyle , J. 1971 . “ Mass media portrayal-Sex and violence ” . In Current perspectives in mass communication research , Edited by: Kline , G. F. and Tichenor , J. P. Vol. 1 , 85 – 104 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , B. S. and Gordon , T. F. 1971a . “ Children's perceptions of television violence: A replication ” . In Television and social behavior: Television's effects-Further explorations , Edited by: Comstock , A. G. , Rubenstein , A. E. and Murray , P. J. 110 – 125 . Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , B. S. and Gordon , T. F. 1971b . “ Social class and racial differences in children's perceptions of televised violence ” . In Television and social behavior: Television's effects—further explorations , Edited by: Comstock , A. G. , Rubenstein , A. E. and Murray , P. J. 55 – 82 . Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Gunter , B. 1983 . Personality and perceptions of harmful and harmless TV violence. . Personality and Individual Differences , 4 ( 6 ) : 665 – 670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter , B. 1994 . “ The question of media violence ” . In Media effects , Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 247 – 272 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Gunter , B. and Furnham , A. 1983 . Personality and the perception of TV violence. . Personality and Individual Differences , 4 ( 3 ) : 315 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter , B. and Furnham , A. 1984 . Perceptions of television violence: Effects of programme genre and type of violence on viewers' judgments of violent portrayals . British Journal of Social Psychology , 23 : 155 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter , B. and Furnham , A. 1991 . Television violence and programme appreciation , UK : University of Sheffield . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Gunter , B. and Stipp , H. 1992 . Attitudes about sex and violence on television in the United States and in Great Britain: A comparison of research findings. . Medienpsychologie: Zeitschrift fur Individual- & Massenkommunikation , 4 ( 4 ) : 267 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Heisler , G. H. 1975 . The effects of vicariously experiencing supernatural–violent events: A case study of The Exorcist's impact. . Journal of Individual Psychology , 31 ( 2 ) : 158 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. R. 1980 . General occurrence of stressful reactions to commercial motion pictures and elements in films subjectively identified as stressors . Psychological Reports , 47 : 775 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyle , J. and Hoffman , H. R. 1971 . “ Children's use of television and other media ” . In Television and social behavior: Vol. 4. Television in day-to-day life: Patterns of use , Edited by: Rubenstein , A. E. , Comstock , A. G. and Murray , P. J. 171 – 187 . Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Mathai , J. 1983 . An acute anxiety state in an adolescent precipitated by viewing a horror movie . Journal of Adolescence , 6 : 197 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundorf , N. , Weaver , J. and Zillmann , D. 1989 . Effects of gender roles and self perceptions on affective reactions to horror films . Sex Roles , 20 : 655 – 673 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , E. L. , Hockett , A. B. and Dean , W. W. 1983 . The television family and children's fright reactions . Journal of Family Issues , 4 : 279 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , M. A. 1993 . Barbadian adults' perceptions of eighteen popular U.S. television programs . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 77 : 771 – 775 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks , G. The development of a scale to assess cognitive responses to frightening mass media . Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association . May . San Francisco, CA
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , G. 1986 . Developmental differences in children's reports of fear induced by the mass media . Child Study Journal , 16 : 55 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , G. The relationship between delight and distress in males' and females' reactions to frightening films . Paper presented at the annual conference of the Speech Communication Association . May . San Francisco, CA
   Google Scholar
• Tamborini , R. 1987 . [Emotional responses to horror: Appeal scores] , Unpublished raw data
   Google Scholar
• Tamborini , R. and Stiff , J. 1987 . Predictors of horror film attendance and appeal: An analysis of the audience for frightening films . Communication Research , 17 : 415 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamborini , R. , Stiff , J. and Heidel , C. 1990 . Reacting to graphic horror: A model of empathy and emotional behavior . Communication Research , 17 : 616 – 637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamborini , R. , Stiff , J. and Zillmann , D. 1987 . Preference for graphic horror featuring male versus female victimization: Individual differences associated with personality characteristics and past film viewing experiences . Human Communication Research , 13 : 529 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer , J. F. and Levenson , R. W. 1983 . Effects of music on psychophysiological responses to a stressful film . Psychomusicology , 3 : 44 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , B. J. , Hoffner , C. and Cantor , J. 1987 . Children's perceptions of the effectiveness of techniques to reduce fear from mass media . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 8 : 39 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , B. J. , Kunkel , D. , Linz , D. , Potter , W. J. , Smith , S. L. , Blumenthal , E. Y. and Gray , T. E. 1997 . “ Television violence and its context: A content analysis 1994–1995 ” . In National Television Study , Vol. 1 , 2 – 245 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. 1980 . “ Anatomy of suspense ” . In The entertainment functions of television , Edited by: Tannenbaum , H. P. 133 – 163 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. and Bryant , J. 1984 . “ Effects of massive exposure to pornography ” . In Pornography and sexual aggression , Edited by: Malamuth , N. and Donnerstein , E. 124 – 155 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. and Cantor , J. R. 1977 . Affective responses to the emotions of a protagonist . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 13 : 155 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar