- For details on Theophilus Shepstone's family life and early career see Gordon RE Shepstone: the role of the family in the history of South Africa, 1820–1900 Cape Town 1966
- On the Shepstone system see Etherington NA The “Shepstone system” in the colony of Natal and beyond the borders Natal and Zululand from earliest times to 1910: a new history Duminy A Ballard C Pietermaritzburg 1989 170 192 in
- Duminy and Ballard . Natal and Zululand 170 – 170 .
- In this article the spelling of Shepstone's Nguni name, Somtsewu, is that used by Cope R Ploughshare of war: the origins of the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 Pietermaritzburg 1999 Etherington, in Duminy and Ballard, Natal and Zululand, spells it Somtseu.
- Cope . Ploughshare of war 11 – 12 .
- Archives , Transvaal . March 1879 . Transvaal Government Gazette Extraordinary March , Pretoria (hereafter TA), ZAR/55, 4
- On the disputes with the Pedi, see Smith KW The campaigns against the Bapedi of Sekhukhune, 1877–1879 Archives Yearbook for South African History Cape Town 1967 II
- For details on the Boer protest movement against British annexation of the Transvaal, see van Zyl MC Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 1877–1880 Pretoria 1979
- See Cope Ploughshare of war 21 32 for a discussion of the origins and merits of the Transvaal-Zulu border dispute.
- For an outline of Carnarvon's plans for British intervention in southern Africa from 1874 to 1878 see Theron-Bushell Puppet on an imperial string? 47 53
- Public Record Office, London (hereafter PRO) . September 1876 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3 September , Carnarvon - Victoria 15
- Carnarvon went so far as to say: ‘I think that Shepstone is as capable of doing this as any one that I know’ Public Record Office, London (hereafter PRO) Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3 Carnarvon - Ponsonby 1876 October 3
- Public Record Office, London (hereafter PRO) . September 1876 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3 September , Carnarvon - Ponsonby 20
- Theron-Bushell . Puppet on an imperial string? 91 – 101 .
- PRO . September 1876 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3 September , Carnarvon - Victoria 25, See also Cope, Ploughshare of war, p 53.
- PRO . October 1876 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3 October , Carnarvon - Ponsonby 3
- PRO . October 1876 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3 October , Carnarvon - Ponsonby 16
- See Kew JW John Gilbert Kotzé and the chief justiceship of the Transvaal 1877–1881 Archives Yearbook for South African History Pretoria 1984 II
- See Etherington NA Labour supply and the genesis of South African confederation in the 1870s Journal of African History 1979 20 2 240 245
- October 1877 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30.6/3, Carnarvon — Ponsonby October , 16, 12 November, 1876 and 10 March
- October 1876 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3, Carnarvon — Ponsonby October , 3
- Cope . Plougshare of war 113 – 113 .
- March 1877 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/32, Carnarvon — Barkly March , 8
- See for example C 1776, no 13 and no 16 Barkly — Carnarvon 1876 December 8 19 11 and 18, British (imperial) Blue Books are traditionally given ‘C’ numbers
- September 1876 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/12, Carnarvon — Hardy September , 20
- October 1876 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/38, Carnarvon — Bulwer October , 17
- There was a lull in hostilities in early 1877 Smith The campaigns against the Bapedi of Sekhukhune 8 9
- October 1876 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/23, Carnarvon — Shepstone October , 4
- On the reasons for Burgers's growing unpopularity, see Appelgryn MS Thomas Francois Burgers, staatspresident 1872–1877 Pretoria and Cape Town 1979 chapters 6 and 8
- Shepstone's first reports from Pretoria confirmed this PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/38, Shepstone — Bulwer 1877 January 31
- On the effects of the protracted struggle in this region, see Laband J An assessment of the consequences of the Zulu-Boer conflict over the control of the land in the “Disputed Territory”, 1852–1888 Paper presented at the 16th biennial conference of the South African Historical Society University of Pretoria 6–9 July 1997
- On the allegation that Shepstone made use of the Zulu threat to expedite the annexation of the Transvaal see Cope RL Shepstone, the Zulus, and the annexation of the Transvaal South African Historical Journal 1972 4 45 63
- September 1876 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3, Carnarvon — Victoria September , 25
- March 1877 . Natal Archives (hereafter NA), Shepstone Papers, A96/17, Lanyon — Shepstone March , 13
- Cope . Ploughshare of war 115 – 115 .
- Cope . Ploughshare of war 53 – 53 .
- Cope . Ploughshare of war 120 – 122 .
- December 1876 . C 1776, Shepstone — Burgers December , 83 – 83 . 20
- January 1877 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/38, Bulwer — Carnarvon January , 10, Appelgryn, Thomas Francois Burgers, pp 177–179
- January 1877 . The Natal Mercury January , 123 – 123 . 16 and 21, quoted in Cope, Ploughshare of war
- February 1877 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/38, Shepstone — Bulwer February , 7
- Smith . The campaigns against the Bapedi of Sekhukhune 8 – 9 .
- Cope . Shepstone, the Zulus, and the annexation 50 – 53 . Cope, Ploughshare of war, p 125
- January 1877 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/71, Shepstone — Lanyon January , 25, See Appelgryn, Thomas Francois Burgers, pp 178–179 for details of the festivities.
- January 1877 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/38, Shepstone — Bulwer January , 31, Ibid, 30/6/3, Carnarvon — Ponsonby, 10 March 1877.
- Appelgryn . Thomas Francois Burgers 178 – 178 . 180–181
- January 1877 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/38, Shepstone — Bulwer January , 31, and 7 February
- May 1877 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/20, Carnarvon — Shepstone May , 106 – 107 . 30
- See for example Uys CJ In the era of Shepstone: being a study of British expansion in South Africa, 1842–1877 Lovedale 1933 Van Zyl, Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners; Appelgryn, Thomas Francois Burgers.
- Zyl , Van . Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 20 – 20 .
- April 1877 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/18, Bulwer — Shepstone April , 4
- Cope . Ploughshare of war 129 – 129 .
- On the comparative superiority of African societies in relation to white-ruled states in the early 19th century in southern Africa, see Theron-Bushell Puppet on an imperial string? 19 20
- Appelgryn . Thomas Francois Burgers 236 – 237 .
- April 1877 . 56 C 1776, Proclamation by Shepstone April , 157 – 159 . 12
- In July 1877 Shepstone informed Carnarvon: ‘There is a large income to be derived from a judicious taxation of the native population’ but this would depend on the ‘appointment of officers for the management and control of the natives’ PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/23, Shepstone — Carnarvon 1877 July 23
- See for example PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/3, Carnarvon — Ponsonby 1877 September 11
- May 1877 . PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/23, Carnarvon — Shepstone May , 106 – 112 . 30, also NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/20
- Cope . Ploughshare of war 128 – 128 .
- April 1877 . Transvaal Government Gazette April , 12
- June 1877 . C 1815, ‘Report of the Finance Commission’ signed by J Henderson June , 6
- June 1877 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/5, Bulwer — Shepstone June , 13, NA, GH 789, Shepstone — Bulwer, 6 June 1877.
- On the advances to the Transvaal from the military chest see British (imperial) White Books, Confidential Prints (hereafter CP), African 142, enclosure no 1 in no 193, Shepstone — Frere, 7 August 1877 NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/5, Bulwer — Shepstone — Cunynghame 1877 August 5, and Cunynghame — Shepstone, 5 August 1877.
- Zyl , Van . Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 56 – 56 .
- PRO . July 1877 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/23, Shepstone — Carnarvon July , 23
- NA . August 1877 . Shepstone Papers, A96/5, Frere — Shepstone August , 29
- Quoted in Zyl Van Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 68 68 from The Natal Witness, 2 March 1878. See also C F Goodfellow, Great Britain and South African confederation 1877–1881 (Cape Town, 1966), p 147.
- NA . August 1877 . Shepstone Papers, A96/23, Carnarvon — Shepstone August , 139 – 145 . 23
- PRO . October 1877 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/34, Carnarvon — Frere October , 1
- PRO . August 1877 . Archives of the British Colonial Office (hereafter CO) 48/483, no 10293, minute by Herbert August , 25
- PRO . November 1877 . CO 431/38, Carnarvon — Herbert November , 28
- Beach , V Hicks . 1932 . Life of Sir Michael Hicks Beach Vol. 1 , 62 – 62 . London
- Cope , RL . 1987 . Local imperatives and imperial policy: the sources of Lord Carnarvon's South African confederation policy . International Journal of African Historical Studies , 20 ( 4 ) : 624 – 624 .
- Theron-Bushell . Puppet on an imperial string? 143 – 143 .
- CP, African 156 . September 1878 . Report on the Province of the Transvaal, WC, Sargeaunt September ,
- On the lack of success of the Boer delegation see Zyl Van Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 75 85
- August 1878 . Gloucestershire Record Office (hereafter GRO), Hicks Beach Papers, D2455, Pcc/1/12, Frere — Hicks Beach August , 22, Ibid, Pcc/1/21, Frere — Hicks Beach, 3 September 1878; Ibid, Pcc/1/23, Frere — Hicks Beach, 15 September 1878.
- February 1879 . Gloucestershire Record Office (hereafter GRO), Hicks Beach Papers, D2455, Pcc/1/12, Frere — Hicks Beach February , 3, See also PRO, Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/33, Robinson — Frere, 8 June 1877.
- Zyl , Van . Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 48 – 48 .
- The first Boer deputation to Britain held five interviews with Carnarvon between 5 July and 30 October 1877, but achieved very little Zyl Van Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 24 34
- Zyl , Van . Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 48 – 48 .
- GRO . May 1878 . Hicks Beach Papers, Pcc/1/17, Frere — Hicks Beach May , 29
- Shepstone's son, Henrique, as Secretary of Native Affairs and Melmoth Osborn as Colonial Secretary, both from Natal, are two examples PRO Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/23, Shepstone — Carnarvon 1877 July 23
- GRO . May 1878 . Hicks Beach Papers, Pcc/1/7, Frere — Hicks Beach May , 29, See also Van Zyl, Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners, p 46.
- Zyl , Van . Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 51 – 51 . See also Kew, John Gilbert Kotzé, pp 172–176.
- NA . February 1877 . Shepstone Papers, A96/16, Lanyon — Shepstone February , 2, See also Lanyon's views on representative organs in TA, A596, vol 13, Lanyon — Charles Lanyon, 27 August 1878.
- CP . July 1877 . African 142, Memo by Shepstone July , 98 – 98 . 29, enclosure in Shepstone — Carnarvon, 31 July 1877; Van Zyl, Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners, pp 51–52.
- PRO . August 1877 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/33, Frere — Carnarvon August , 14
- PRO . July 1877 . CO 291/1, Shepstone Carnarvon July , 31, minute by Carnarvon, 12 September 1877
- November 1877 . De Volksstem November , 13, quoted in Van Zyl, Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners, p 52
- March 1878 . C 2100, Proclamation by Shepstone March , 11
- Zyl , Van . Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 43 – 43 .
- There were 6 591 signatories against the British annexation in April 1878; C 2128 Letter from Messrs. Krüger and Joubert, Delegates from the Transvaal, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies 3 3 with the reply no. 1
- August 1878 . Letter from Messrs. Krüger and Joubert, Delegates from the Transvaal, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies August , 15 – 19 . with the reply no. 2, Hicks Beach — Krüger and Joubert, 6
- April 1877 . C 1776, Proclamation by Shepstone April , 12
- CP . June 1877 . African 142, Swart — Barlow June , 21
- TA . May 1877 . SS 237 (R 2038/77), HC Shepstone — Colonial Secretary May , 30
- On the land claims of the Pedi people, see Delius P The land belongs to us: the Pedi polity, the Boers and the British in the nineteenth century Transvaal Johannesburg 1983
- On the military confrontation between Sekhukhune and white governments in Pretoria, see Smith The campaigns against the Bapedi of Sekhukhune
- Cope . Ploughshare of war 228 – 238 . 254–255
- For details on Shepstone's relations with the Zulu after the annexation of the Transvaal see Cope RL Shepstone and Cetshwayo, 1873–1879 1967 MA dissertation, Natal
- See Cope Ploughshare of war 120 122 131–134
- Cope . Ploughsare of war 148 – 149 . and p 174; Cope, Shepstone and Cetshwayo, p 180
- TA . July 1877 . SS 241, Fynney — Osborn July , 4
- Cope . Shepstone and Cetshwayo 226 – 226 . 230234
- CP . December 1877 . African 147, Shepstone — Carnarvon December , 83 – 91 . 1
- Quoted in Zyl Van Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 66 66
- PRO . January 1878 . Carnarvon Papers, 30/6/23, Carnarvon — Shepstone January , 3
- December 1877 . C 2000, Bulwer — Cetshwayo December , 67 – 68 . 8
- January 1878 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/68, Shepstone — Bulwer January , 321 – 321 . 14
- See for example NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/68, Shepstone — Frere 1877 December 18
- June 1878 . GRO, Hicks Beach Papers, D2455, Pcc/1/8, Frere — Hicks Beach June , 3, ibid, Pcc/1/12, Frere — Hicks Beach, 10 August 1878
- October 1878 . GRO, Hicks Beach Papers, D2455, Pcc/1/27, Frere — Hicks Beach October , 27
- May 1879 . GRO, Hicks Beach Papers, D2455, Pcc/2/18, Frere — Hicks Beach May , 2
- Beach , Hicks . Life of Sir Michael Hicks Beach 86 – 87 .
- For a number of significantly critical comments in newspapers see Van Zyl Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 68 69
- C 2144 176 – 176 . Petition to Frere by 500 Transvalers, undated
- Quoted in Beach Hicks Life of Sir Michael Hicks Beach 1878 September 96 96 Hicks Beach — Beaconsfield, 24
- July 1878 . TA, A596 Vol. 4(b) , July , Hicks Beach — Shepstone, 25
- September 1878 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/68, Shepstone — Frere September , 2
- September 1878 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/68, Shepstone — Hicks Beach September , 3
- September 1878 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/68, Shepstone — Lanyon September , 10
- September 1878 . NA, Shepstone Papers, A96/68, Shepstone — Frere September , 2
- July 1878 . TA, A596 Vol. 4(b) , July , Hicks Beach — Shepstone, 25
- July 1878 . GRO, Hicks Beach Papers, D2455, Pcc/22, Hicks Beach — Frere July , 18
- July 1878 . TA, A596 Vol. 4(b) , July , Hicks Beach — Shepstone, 25
- Cope . Ploughshare of war 250 – 250 .
- February 1879 . GRO, Hicks Beach Papers, D2455, Pcc/11, Hicks Beach — Victoria February , 11
- Theron-Bushell . Puppet on an imperial string 161 – 164 .
- See for example Sheffield Archives (hereafter SHA) Spencer Stanhope Papers, Sp St 60628 F W Spencer Stanhope — Philip Spencer Stanhope 1878 May 12
- For a debate on the impact of poor administration on the protest movement see Van Zyl Die protesbeweging van die Transvaalse Afrikaners 70 71
- Gordon , RE . Theophilus Shepstone . Dictionary of South African biography , 1 721 – 721 .
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