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Labor History Volume 10, 1969 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Labor conflict and racial violence: The black worker in Chicago, 1894–1919

William M. Tuttle Jr. Assistant Professor of History, University of Kansas,
Pages 408-432 | Published online: 03 Jul 2008

  • Interchurch World Movement . 1920 . The Inter‐Racial Situation in Chicago , Bulletin No. 1 Chicago n. pub., ca
  • 1919 . Chicago Daily Journal , April 1
  • Chicago Commission on Race Relations . 1922 . The Negro in Chicago 395 399 Chicago
  • Spear , Allan H. 1967 . Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890–1920 163 Chicago
  • Waskow , Arthur I. 1966 . From Race Riot to Sit‐In, 1919 and the 1960s Garden City, N. Y.
  • 1919 . Chicago Tribune , August 3
  • T Cook County, Illinois, Office of the Coroner . Transcript of Evidence Concerning the Race Riot, July and August, 1919 , Graham Taylor Papers Newberry Library . (mimeographed)
  • Spero , Sterling D. and Harris , Abram L. 1968 . The Black Worker xi N. Y.
  • 1894 . Chicago Record , July 17, 19, 27, August 3
  • 1894 . Chicago Tribune , July 13, 15
  • 1894 . Chicago Times , July 19
  • Herbst , Alma . 1930 . “The Negro in the Slaughtering and Meat Packing Industry in Chicago,” . 43 – 45 . University of Chicago . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
  • 1904 . Chicago Daily News , July 29
  • 1899 . A.M.C.B.W. Proceedings . 1899 . pp. 14 – 18 .
  • 1896 . AFL Proceedings . 1896 . pp. 93
  • A.M.C.B.W. 1901 . Official Journal , II December
  • Call , H. D. 1904 . Chicago Record‐Herald , August 1
  • 1900 . A.M.C.B.W. Proceedings . 1900 . pp. 5 – 6 .
  • McDowell , Mary . 1903 . “The Story of a Women's Labor Union,” . Commons , VII January : 1 – 3 .
  • A.M.C.B.W. 1903 . Official Journal , II March : 1 – 12 .
  • 1905 . Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on the Beef Industry , 17 – 19 . Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • Grand , W. Joseph . 1896 . History of the Union Stockyards , 49 – 51 . Chicago : Thomas Knapp Co. .
  • Commons , John R. 1905 . Trade Unionism and Labor Problems , 225 Boston : Ginn & Co. .
  • Kennedy , J. C. 1914 . Wages and Family Budgets in the Stock Yards District , 7 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Hard , William . 1904 . “The Stock Yards Strike,” . Outlook , LXXVII August 13 : 887
  • 1904 . Chicago Record‐Herald , August 1
  • McDowell , Mary . 1904 . “A Lost Strike, but not a Dead Cause,” . Union Labor Advocate , V October : 12
  • 1904 . “The Butcher Workman's Strike,” . Railroad Trainmen's Journal , XXI October : 768 – 69 .
  • 1905 . Bulletin of Bureau of Labor , X January : 2
  • Commission on Industrial Relations . 1916 . Final Report and Testimony , Vol. IV , 3471 Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • McDowell , Mary . 1902 . “The First Women's Union,” . Official Journal , II October : 28 – 29 .
  • Commission on Industrial Relations . Final Report . 3 330
  • 1904 . “The Great Strike”; and Graham Taylor's remarks in . Chicago Daily News , July 30
  • 1903 . Official Journal , II May : 23 – 27 .
  • 1904 . Chicago Daily News , July 29
  • Kaztauskis , A. 1904 . “From Lithuania to the Chicago Stockyards,” . Independent , LVII August : 241 – 48 .
  • Brody , David . 1964 . The Butcher Workmen: A Study of Unionization 41 Cambridge
  • 1904 . A.M.C.B.W. Proceedings . 1904 . pp. 33 92 – 93 . 193
  • 1904 . Chicago Tribune , July 13
  • 1904 . Chicago Record‐Herald , July 13–16, 24–26
  • 1904 . Official Journal , V July : 33
  • Clark , Edna Louise . 1922 . “History of the Controversy between Labor and Capital in the Slaughtering and Meat Packing Industries in Chicago,” . 116 ff University of Chicago . unpublished M.A. thesis
  • 1906 . A.M.C.B.W. Proceedings . 1906 . pp. 12
  • Poole , Ernest . 1904 . “The Meat Strike,” . Independent , LVII July 28 : 80
  • Wright , R. R. Jr. 1905 . “The Negro in Times of Industrial Unrest,” . Charities , XV October 7 : 70
  • 1904 . Chicago Tribune , July 13, 24–26
  • 1904 . Chicago American , August 26
  • Tuttle , William M. Jr. 1965 . “Some Strikebreakers’ Observations of Industrial Warfare,” . Labor History , VII Spring : 193 – 196 .
  • McDowell , Mary . 1920 . “A Quarter of a Century in the Stock Yards District,” Illinois State Historical Society . Transactions , : 81
  • Hardy , Eric W. 1911 . “The Relation of the Negro to Trade Unionism” . 35 – 36 . University of Chicago . Unpublished M.A. thesis
  • Poole . “The Meat Strike,” . 184
  • 1905 . “The Stockyards Strike and Immigrant Workers,” . Charities , XIII February 4 : 413
  • 1904 . Chicago Tribune , July 16
  • 1904 . Chicago Record‐Herald , July 22, 24, 27, August 1, 18, 21, 23, 25
  • 1904 . Chicago Record‐Herald , August 24
  • 1904 . Chicago Tribune , August 24, 26
  • 1904 . New York Tribune , August 25, 27
  • Wright . “Negro in Times of Industrial Unrest,” . 70 – 73 .
  • Roach , John . 1906 . “Packingtown Conditions,” . American Federationist , XIII August : 534
  • 1904 . Chicago Broad Ax , October 15
  • 1905 . Chicago Tribune , May 2–4
  • Wright . “Negro in Times of Industrial Unrest,” . 73
  • 1905 . Chicago Tribune , May 2–6 10, 12
  • Taylor , Graham . 1936 . Chicago Commons through Forty Years 118 Chicago
  • 1905 . Chicago Tribune , May 4, 9, 12, 14
  • Work , Monroe , ed. 1919 . Negro Year Book, 1918–1919 , 13 Tuskegee Institute .
  • Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census . 1923 . 14th Census, IX: Manufactures, 1919 , 316 312 317 322 326 346 Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • Foster , William Z. 1918 . “How Life Has Been Brought into the Stockyards,” . Life and Labor , VIII April : 64
  • Foster , William Z. 1920 . The Great Steel Strike and Its Lessons 211 – 12 . N. Y.
  • Illinois Federation of Labor . 1918 . Weekly News Letter , September 28
  • 1917 . Butcher Workman , III November : 2
  • U. S. Senate . 1919 . “ 65th Cong., 3rd Sess., Committee on Agriculture and Forestry ” . In Government Control of the Meat‐Packing Industry , 1498 – 1503 . Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • 1918 . Report oj the President's Mediation Commission to the President of the United States , 16 Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • 1918 . Monthly Labor Review , VI May : 115 – 27 .
  • 1918 . Survey , XL April 13 : 35 – 38 .
  • Illinois Federation of Labor . 1918 . Weekly News Letter , September 28
  • 1920 . A.M.C.B.W. Proceedings . 1920 . pp. 84 – 85 . 109 – 10 . 211 – 12 .
  • 1917 . The New York Times , December 26
  • 1917 . Butcher Workman , III December : I
  • McDowell , Mary . 1918 . “Easter Day after the Decision,” . Survey , XL April 13 : 38
  • 1918 . Butcher Workman , IV October : 5
  • Scott , Estelle Hill . 1939 . Occupational Changes Among Negroes in Chicago , 175 Chicago : WPA District 3 .
  • 1919 . Chicago Daily Journal , April 3
  • Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census . 1929 . Women in Gainful Occupations, 1870 to 1920 , 11 31 Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • 1919 . New Majority , January 11
  • Commission on Industrial Relations . Final Report . 3246 – 47 .
  • Seidman , Joel . 1942 . The Needle Trades 38 N. Y.
  • Department of Labor . 1920 . Report of the Secretary, 1919 , 50 – 51 . Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • Washington , Forrester B. 1919 . “Reconstruction and Colored Women,” . Life and Labor , VIII January : 3 – 5 .
  • 14th Census , IX 316
  • 1919 . “Chicago's Negro Problem,” . City Club of Chicago, Bulletin , XII March 17 : 76
  • Chicago Urban League . Annual Report . III 3
  • Division of Negro Economics, U. S. Employment Service . 1919 . “Clearance Bulletin,” . July 29
  • 1919 . The New Majority , April 26, June 14, 21, July 5, 19
  • Department of Labor, Division of Negro Economics . 1921 . The Negro at Work during the War and during Reconstruction , 26 – 27 . Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • 1919 . Butcher Workman , V May, June, July : 4 1
  • 1919 . New Majority , July 12
  • 1919 . Chicago Whip , July 19
  • 1919 . Butcher Workman , V July : 1 3
  • 1919 . Chicago Daily News , July 8–10, 14
  • 1919 . Chicago Herald‐Examiner , July 9
  • 1919 . Chicago Daily Journal , July 10–11, 14
  • Department of Labor . 1921 . Report of the Secretary of Labor, 1920 , 117 Washington : Government Printing Affice .
  • Evans , William L. 1923 . “The Negro in Chicago Industries,” . Opportunity , I February : 15
  • 1919 . New Majority , August 2
  • 1919 . Chicago Daily News , July 17, 21
  • 1919 . New Majority , July 26
  • 1919 . Chicago Herald‐Examiner , July 21
  • 1919 . Chicago Tribune , July 21
  • 1919 . Chicago Whip , July 25
  • 1919 . Chicago Daily Journal , August 6
  • 1919 . New Majority , February 15
  • Johnson , James Weldon . 1919 . “Changing Status of Negro Labor,” . National Conference of Social Work, Proceedings . 1919 . pp. 383 – 88 .
  • Scott , Emmett J. 1919 . “Additional Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916–1918,” . Journal of Negro History , IV October : 417 (comp.)
  • 1905 . the New York Age , June 15, September 28
  • Stone , Alfred H. 1908 . Studies in the American Race Problem 157 – 58 . N. Y.
  • Strickland , Arvarh E. 1966 . History of the Chicago Urban League 48 50 – 51 . 56 – 63 . 66 – 67 . 72 – 74 . 110 Urbana
  • Chicago Urban League, Annual Report , I 10
  • Jones , E. K. 1919 . “The Negro in Industry,” . National Conference of Social Work, Proceedings . 1919 . pp. 438 – 41 .
  • 1919 . Chicago Whip , July 19
  • 1919 . Chicago Defender , April 26, July 5
  • Washington . 1913 . “The Negro and the Labor Unions,” . Atlantic Monthly , CXI June : 756 – 57 .
  • 1919 . Chicago Tribune , August 1
  • 1919 . New Majority , January 11, August 9
  • Department of Labor, Division of Negro Economics . 1919 . Negro Migration in 1916–17 , 117 – 130 . Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • 1919 . Chicago Whip , July 25
  • Sandburg , Carl . 1919 . The Chicago Race Riots 48 N. Y.
  • Fisher , Miles Mark . 1922 . The Master's Slave: Elijah John Fisher, a Biography 189 Philadelphia
  • 1919 . Alschuler Hearings , June 21 : 267 – 77 .
  • Adams , Kate J. 1919 . Humanizing a Great Industry 21 Chicago ca.
  • 1917 . Pittsburgh Courier , March 22
  • 1921 . Chicago Tribune , March 13
  • Baker . 1920 . The New Industrial Unrest 112 Garden City, N. Y.
  • Whitney , Edson L. 1920 . “Strikes and Lockouts in the United States, 1916, 1917, 1918, and 1919,” . Monthly Labor Review , X June : 1509 (comp.)
  • 1919 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle , August 25
  • 1919 . Brooklyn Standard Union , August 25
  • 1919 . Boston Herald , November 10
  • 1919 . Buffalo Express , August 25
  • 1919 . The Messenger , II September : 11 – 21 .

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