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Original Articles

Three generations: Historians view American communism

Pages 517-545 | Published online: 03 Jul 2008

  • Bell , Daniel . 1960 . The End of Ideology, On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties 287
  • 1920 . "Revolutionary and Subversive Movements Abroad and at Home,”; . I
  • Bimba , Anthony . 1927 . History of the American Working Class 127
  • Oneal , James . 1927 . American Communism, A Critical Analysis of its Origins, Development and Programs 214
  • Fine , CP. Nathan . 1928 . Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States, 1828–1928 ,
  • Schneider , David M. 1928 . The Workers’ (Communist) Party and American Trade Unions
  • Saposs , David . 1926 . Left‐Wing Unionism: A Study of Radical Policies and Tactics
  • Bittelman , AIexander . 1937 . Milestones in the History of the Communist Party ,
  • Foster , William Z. 1937 . From Foster to Stalin , : 69
  • Foster , William Z. 1939 . From Bryan to Stalin and Pages From a Worker's Life ,
  • Bloor , Ella Reeve . 1940 . We are Many ,
  • Flynn , Elizabeth Gurley . 1955 . I Speak My Own Piece: Autobiography of “The Rebel Girl”;
  • North , Joseph . 1956 . Robert Minor, Artist and Crusader
  • Johnson , Oakley C. 1957 . The Day is Coming, Life and Work of Charles E. Ruthenberg
  • North , Joseph . 1958 . No Men Are Strangers
  • Davis , Benjamin J. 1969 . Communist Councilman from Harlem
  • Williamson , John . 1969 . Dangerous Scot, The Life and Work of an American “Undesirable”;
  • Hudson , Hosea . 1972 . Black Worker in the Deep South
  • Gerson , Simon W. 1976 . Pete, The Story of Peter V. Cacchione, New York's First Communist Councilman
  • Zipser , Arthur . 1981 . Workingclass Giant, The Life of William Z. Foster
  • Freeman , Joseph . 1936 . An American Testament: a Narrative of Rebels and Romantics
  • Hicks , Granville . 1936 . John Reed: The Making of a Revolutionary
  • Herndon , Angelo . 1937 . Let Me Live ,
  • Gitlow , Benjamin . 1940 . I Confess, The Truth About American Communism 316 – 318 .
  • Budenz , Louis . 1947 . This is My Story , : 215
  • Gitlow , Benjamin . 1948 . The Whole of Their Lives: Communism in America — a Personal History and Intimate Portrayal of Its Leaders
  • Budenz , Louis . 1950 . Men Without Faces: The Communist Conspiracy in the USA
  • Packer , Herbert L. 1962 . Ex‐Communist Witnesses, Four Studies in Fact Finding 121 – 177 .
  • Beal , Fred . 1937 . Proletarian Journey: New England, Gastonia, Moscow
  • Matthews , J.B. 1938 . Odyssey of a Fellow‐Traveller
  • Bentley , Elizabeth . 1951 . Out of Bondage, The Story of Elizabeth Bentley
  • Massing , Hede . 1951 . This Deception
  • Dodd , Bella . 1954 . School of Darkness ,
  • Chambers , Whittaker . 1952 . Witness ,
  • Hicks , Granville . 1954 . Where We Came Out ,
  • Crossman , Richard , ed. 1949 . The God That Failed
  • Foster , William Z. 1952 . History of the Communist Party of the United States
  • Bell , Daniel . 1952 . “The Background and Development of Marxian Socialism in the United States,” . In Socialism and American Life Edited by: Egbert , Donald Drew and Persons , Stow . 217 225
  • 1955 . New York Times , Dec. 6 : 13
  • 1957 . New Republic , 137 Sept. 9 : 20
  • Roy , Ralph . 1960 . Communism in the Churches , : 420
  • 1961 . National Review , 10 Jan. 14 : 22
  • Meyer , Frank S. 1961 . The Moulding of Communists ,
  • Iverson , Robert W. 1959 . The Communists and the Schools ,
  • Shannon , David . 1959 . The Decline of American Communism, A History of the Communist Party since 1945
  • Rossiter , Clinton . 1960 . Marxism: The View from America
  • Aaron , Daniel . 1961 . Writers on the Left ,
  • Glazer , Nathan . 1961 . The Social Basis of American Communism ,
  • Latham , Earl . 1966 . The Communist Controversy in Washington
  • Kempton , Murray . 1955 . Part of Our Time: Some Ruins and Monuments of the Thirties
  • Kampelman , Max . 1957 . The Communists versus the CIO ,
  • Record , Wilson . 1951 . The Negro and the Communist Party
  • Epstein , Melech . 1959 . The Jew and Communism, 1919–1941
  • 1957 . Nation , 184 Mar. 30 : 280
  • Howe , Irving and Coser , Lewis . 1957 . The American Communist Party, A Critical History: 1919–1957 292
  • Silone , Ignazio . 1954 . “The Choice of Comrades” . Dissent , 2 Winter : 17
  • 1956 . “Silone and the Radical Conscience” . Dissent , 3 Winter : 72
  • Howe , Irving . 1948 . “Observations on the Events in Czechoslovakia,” . Labor Action , Mar. 8 : 4
  • Howe , Irving . 1955 . “The Thirties: Fact and Fantasy” . Dissent , 2 Autumn : 331
  • Reinitz , Richard . 1980 . Irony and Consciousness: American Historiography and Reinhold Niebuhr's Vision 19
  • Hofstadter , Richard . 1955 . The Age of Reform, From Bryan to FDR
  • Singal , Daniel Joseph . 1984 . “Beyond Consensus: Richard Hofstadter and American Historiography,” . American Historical Review , 89 Oct. : 981 989
  • Draper . Roots of American Communism , 37
  • Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr. 1949 . The Vital Center , : 104
  • Ernst , Morris L. and Loth , David . 1952 . Report on the American Communist , : 127 – 141 .
  • Almond , Gabriel A. 1954 . The Appeals of Communism , : 258 – 294 .
  • Draper . Roots of American Communism , 4
  • 1957 . Nation , 184 Mar. 30 : 280
  • Draper . Roots of American Communism , 395
  • Lasch . 1966 . “Un‐American Activities,” . New York Review of Books , Oct. 6 : 16 – 19 .
  • Wiener , Jon . 1976 . “The Communist Party: An Interview with Dorothy Healey,” . Radical America , 11 May‐June : 25 – 45 .
  • 1982 . "Fifteen Years of Radical America, An Anthology,” . Radical America , 16 May‐June : 2 – 6 .
  • Lichtenstein , Nelson . 1984 . “The American Communist Party in Its Heyday: A Case of Premature Eurocommunism?” . International Labor and Working Class History , Spring : 66
  • Naison , Mark . 1971 . “Marxism and Black Radicalism in America,” . Radical America , 5 May‐June : 3 – 25 .
  • Green , James . 1972 . “Working Class Militancy in the Depression,” . Radical America , 6 Nov.‐Dec. : 1 – 36 .
  • Lynd , Staughton . “The Possibility of Radicalism in the Early 1930's: The Case of Steel,” . 37 – 64 . ibid
  • 1974 . “The United Front in America: A Note,” . Radical America , 8 July‐Aug. : 29 – 37 .
  • Richmond , Al . 1972 . A Long View from the Left, Memoirs of an American Revolutionary ,
  • Dennis , Peggy . 1978 . The Autobiography of an American Communist
  • Starobin , Joseph . 1972 . American Communism in Crisis, 1943–1957
  • Gates , John . 1958 . The Story of an American Communist
  • Charney , George . 1968 . A Long Journey ,
  • Mitford , Jessica . 1977 . A Fine Old Conflict ,
  • Haywood , Harry . 1978 . Black Bolshevik, Autobiography of an Afro‐American Communist
  • Painter , Nell . 1979 . The Narrative of Hosea Hudson, His Life as a Negro Communist in the South
  • Nelson , Steve , Barrett , James R. and Ruck , Rob . 1981 . Steve Nelson, American Radical
  • Gordon , Max . 1976 . “The Communist Party of the Nineteen‐Thirties and the New Left,” . Socialist Revolution , 6 Jan.‐Mar. : 11 – 48 .
  • Merrill , Michael . 1976 . “Interview with E. P. Thompson,” . Radical History Review , Fall : 4 – 25 .
  • Buhle , Paul and Naison , Mark . 1980 . Once Upon A Shop Floor: An Interview with David Montgomery,” . Radical History Review , Dec. : 37 – 53 .
  • Genovese , Eugene D. 1968 . In Red and Black: Marxian Explorations in Southern and Afro‐American History 3 – 22 . 391 – 422 .
  • Brody , David . 1984 . “Radicalism and the American Labor Movement: From Party History to Social History” . In Political Power and Social Theory Edited by: Zeitlin , Maurice and Kimeldorf , Howard . Vol. IV , 255 – 256 .
  • Lynd , Staughton . 1971 . “Personal Histories of the Early CIO,” . Radical America , May‐June : 49 – 76 .
  • Rosen , Dale and Rosengarten , Theodore . 1972 . “Shoot‐Out at Reeltown: The Narrative of Jess Hull, Alabama Tenant Farmer,” . Radical America , 6 Nov.‐Dec. : 65 – 84 .
  • Painter , Nell . 1977 . “Hosea Hudson: A Negro Communist in the Deep South,” . Radical America , 11 July‐Aug. : 7 – 23 .
  • Rosenzweig , Roy . 1983 . “Oral History and the Old Left” . International Labor and Working Class History , 24 Fall : 27 – 38 .
  • Markowitz , Norman . 1983 . “The New Cold War ‘Scholarship'” . Political Affairs , 62 Oct. : 6 – 14 .
  • Horne , Gerald . 1984 . “Communists in Harlem During the Depression” . Political Affairs , 63 Aug.‐Sept : 36 – 38 .
  • Isserman , Maurice . 1980 . “The 1956 Generation: An Alternative Approach to the History of American Communism” . Radical America , 14 Mar.‐April : 45
  • Buhle , Paul . 1980 . “Jews and American Communism: The Cultural Question,” . Radical History Review , 23 Dec. : 9 – 33 .
  • 1981 . “Historians and American Communism: An Agenda” . International Labor and Working Class History , 20 Fall : 38 – 45 .
  • Naison , Mark . 1976 . “The Communist Party in Harlem in the Early Depression Years: A Case Study in the Reinterpretation of American Communism,” . Radical History Review , 3 Fall : 68 – 95 .
  • 1978 . “Historical Notes on Blacks and American Communism: The Harlem Experience,” . Science and Society , 42 Fall : 324 – 343 .
  • 1978 . “Harlem Communists and the Politics of Black Protest," . Marxist Perspectives , 1 Fall : 20 – 50 .
  • 1979 . “Lefties and Righties: The Communist Party and Sports During the Great Depression,” . Radical America , 13 July‐Aug. : 47 – 59 .
  • 1981 . “Communism and Harlem Intellectuals in the Popular Front: Anti‐Fascism and the Politics of Black Culture,” . Journal of Ethnic Studies , Spring : 1 – 25 .
  • Lyons , Paul . 1982 . Philadelphia Communists, 1936–1956
  • Schaffer , Robert . 1979 . “Women and the Communist Party, USA, 1930–1940,” . Socialist Review , 9 May‐June : 73 – 118 .
  • Nelson , Bruce . “'Pentecost’ on the Pacific: Maritime Workers and Working‐Class Consciousness in the 1930s” . In Political Power and Social Theory Edited by: Zeitlin and Kimeldorf . 141 – 182 .
  • Ceplair , Larry and Englund , Steve . 1983 . The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930–1940
  • Schwartz , Nancy Lynn . 1982 . The Hollywood Writers’ Wars
  • Filippeli , Ronald . 1976 . “UE: The Formative Years,” . Labor History , 17 : 351 – 371 .
  • Zeitlin and Kimeldorf , eds. “UE: An Uncertain Legacy,” . In Political Power and Social Theory 217 – 254 .
  • Schatz , Ron . 1975 . “The End of Corporate Liberalism: Class Struggle in the Electrical Manufacturing Industry,” . Radical America , 9 July‐Aug. : 197 – 201 .
  • 1979 . “Union Pioneers: the founders of Local Unions at General Electric and Westinghouse, 1933–1937,” . Journal of American History , 66 : 586 – 602 .
  • Schrecker , Ellen . 1983 . “The Missing Generation: Academics and the Communist Party from the Depression to the Cold War,” . Humanities in Society , 6 Spring‐Summer : 139 – 159 .
  • Waltzer , Kenneth . 1980 . “The Party and the Polling Place: American Communism and an American Labor Party in the 1930s”; . Radical History Review , 23 Dec. : 104 – 129 .
  • Strong , Tracey B. and Keysser , Helen . 1983 . Right in Her Soul, The Life of Anna Louise Strong
  • Levenstein , Hatvey . 1981 . Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO
  • Freeman , Joshua . 1978 . “Delivering the Goods: Industrial Unionism During World War II,” . Labor History , 19 : 570 – 593 .
  • Frisch , Michael H. and Walkowitz , Daniel J. , eds. 1983 . “Catholics, Communists, and Republicans: Irish Workers and the Organization of the Transport Workers Union,” . In Working‐Class America: Essays on Labor, Community, and American Society 256 – 283 .
  • Isserman . 1982 . “The 1956 Generation”;, “The Half‐Swept House, American Communism in 1956,” . Socialist Review , 12 Jan.‐Feb. : 71 – 101 .
  • Keeran , Roger . 1979 . “'Everything for Victory’: Communist Influence in the Auto Industry During World War II,” . Science and Society , 43 Spring : 1 – 28 .
  • Klehr , Harvey . 1978 . Communist Cadre: The Social Background of the American Communist Party Elite
  • 1983 . “American Communism and the United Auto Workers: New Evidence on an Old Controversy,” . Labor History , : 404 – 413 .
  • Dyson , Lowell . 1984 . The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade;
  • 1972 . “The Red Peasant International in America,” . Journal of American History , 58 : 958 – 973 .
  • Haynes , John . 1984 . Dubious Alliance, The Making of Minnesota's DFL Party
  • Cochran . 1977 . Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions
  • Lichtenstein . 1982 . Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II
  • Prickett . 1968 . “Communism and Factionalism in the United Automobile Workers, 1939–1947,” . Science and Society , 32 Summer : 257 – 277 .
  • 1969 . “Some Aspects of the Communist Controversy in the CIO,” . Science and Society , 33 Summer : 299 – 321 .
  • 1973 . “Communists and the Automobile Industry in Detroit Before 1935,” . Michigan History , 17 Fall : 185 – 208 .
  • 1974 . “Anti‐Communism and Labor History,” . Industrial Relations , Oct. : 219 – 277 .
  • 1981 . “Communist Conspiracy or Wage Dispute?: The 1941 Strike at North American Aviation,” . Pacific Historical Review , 50 : 215 – 233 .
  • Zeitlin and Kimeldorf , eds. “New Perspectives on Amerian Communism and the Labor Movement,” . In Political Power and Social Theory 3 – 36 .
  • Gornick , Vivian . 1977 . The Romance of American Communism
  • Chernin , Kim . 1983 . In My Mother's House, A Daughter's Story
  • Klehr . The Heyday of American Communism , 415
  • Draper , Theodore . 1985 . “American Communism Revisited,” . New York Review of Books , May 9 : 32 – 37 .
  • 1985 . “The Popular Front Revisited,” . New York Review of Books , May 30 : 44 – 50 .
  • Wilentz , Sean . 1985 . “Red Herrings Revisited, Theodore Draper Blows His Cool” . Village Voice Literary Supplement , June : 1 5 – 6 .
  • Markowitz . “The New Cold War ‘Scholarship,’” . 6 – 14 .
  • Isserman . “The 1956 Generation” . 50
  • Isserman . Which Side Were You On? , xii
  • 1984 . In These Times , April 4–10 : 18 – 19 .
  • The Roots of American Communism , Draper 3
  • An earlier version of this paper was read at the April 1985 meeting of the Organization of American Historians, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. I would like to acknowledge the thoughtful criticisms of the earlier version made by Kenneth Waltzer, Harvey Klehr, and Michael Kazin.

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