Leadership and bureaucracy in the late CIO

References

• Standard citations for the history of the CIO are found in Zieger Robert H. Toward the History of the CIO: A Bibliographic Report Labor History Fall 1985 26 485 516
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• For recent statements of this theme, see Edsforth Ronald Class Conflict and Cultural Consensus: The Making of a Mass Consumer Society in Flint, Michigan New Brunswick, NJ 1987 Frances Fox Piven and Richard O. Cloward, Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed and How They Fail (paperback ed.; New York, Vintage Books, 1979); David Montgomery, “American Labor and the New Deal Formula,” David Montgomery, Workers' Control in America (Cambridge, 1979), 153–80; Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the U.S. Working Class (London, 1986); Beth A. Rubin, Larry J. Griffin, and Michael Wallace, “‘Provided Only that Their Voice Was Strong’: Insurgency and Organization of American Labor from NRA to Taft-Hartley,” Work and Occupations, 10 (1983), 325–347; Roger Horowitz, “‘It Is Harder to Struggle than to Surrender’: Rank and File Unionism vs. State Regulation in the United Packinghouse Workers of America,” paper delivered at the 1985 North American Labor History Conference, Detroit, Oct., 1985 (in Zieger's possession); and Frank Emspak, “The Breakup of the CIO,” Political Power and Social Theory, 4 (1984), 101–140. The classic statement of the industrial relations celebration of the emergence of responsible unionism in place of the turbulence of the 1930s is Richard Lester, As Unions Mature (Princeton, 1958).
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• On Lewis's tenure as CIO president, see Dubofsky Melvyn Van Tine Warren John L. Lewis: A Biography New York 1977 300 370 on Murray, see Lichtenstein, Labor's War at Home, passim, and Ronald Schatz, “Philip Murray and the Subordination of the Industrial Unions to the United States Government,” Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, eds. Labor Leaders in America (Urbana, 1987), 234–57.
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• Snell Reuther Opens CIO's Big-Dome Era New York World-Telegram Dec. 1952 5 clipping in Walter P. Reuther Papers, Box 286/5, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State Univ. (ALUAWSU); interview with Ralph Helstein, Mar. 19, 1983, Chicago (by Robert H. Zieger).
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• News service telex sheet May 1954 20 Box 23/2, CIO Washington Office Papers, ALUAWSU; Peter Costello to Reuther, May 22, 1954, Box 28/2, ibid.
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• Levey , Stanley . 1953 . Steel, Mine Unions Hold Secret Talks . The New York Times , June 26
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• Excerpts from McDonald speech, c. Sept. 20, 1954, Box 41/4 Levey Stanley Steel, Mine Unions Hold Secret Talks The New York Times June 1953 26
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• Dubofsky and Van Tine . John L. Lewis 493 – 493 . Reuther remarks to the Executive Committee, June 9, 1954, penciled notes, Box 94, Folder: CIO-EC, 6/9/54, James B. Carey Papers, ALUAWSU.
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• Lewis speech [pamphlet] Lewis Papers John L. Auto Rank and File Hail ‘Mr. Organized Labor,’ ALUAWSU Reel 1, Speeches Files microfilm
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• “Hillman” to “Williamson” Box 3/84, Daniel Bell Collection, 1982 Addition, Wagner Labor Archives, NYU 1956 June 27 notes of conversation with Rieve, May 24, 1954, Box 19, ibid., Original; Lee Pressman, Oral History, Columbia Univ. 1957–58, 137–38, 147–48.
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• Press release June 1954 30 and attached letter; Justin McCarthy (?) to Lewis, June 30, 1954, Steel File Cabinet, Folder: Joint Actions, 1954, United Mine Workers of America Archives, Alexandria, Virginia, warehouse.
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• Lewis telegram to McDonald and USWA convention 1954 Sept. 23 McDonald to Lewis, Sept. 23, 1954, both in Steel File Cabinet, Folder: USWA, 1954, ibid.; John Herling's Labor Letter, Oct. 2, 1954.
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• Interview with Arthur J. Goldberg Aug. 1983 24 Washington, DC (by Robert H. Zieger).
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• Reuther to John Chupka, secretary-treasurer of the Textile Workers Union of America, Installment 3, Box 43/Folder: Haywood, Textile Workers of America Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin 1953 Feb. 22 CIO, 1952 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Constitutional Convention…
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• Reuther to Riffe Box 34, Folder: CIO, 1952–1953, David J. McDonald Papers, Labor Archives, Pennsylvania State Univ. Mar. 1953 1953 7 The New York Times, Mar. 30, 1953. Riffe's name was not originally among those prominently mentioned among the CIO Executive Committee. See Minutes of CIO Executive Committee meeting, Mar. 4, 1953, Folder: CIO-EC, Mar. 4, 1953, Carey Papers, ALUAWSU.
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• Garrison's activities are indicated in, e.g., Garrison to McDonald Mar. 1953 27 and April 13 Garrison to McDonald, c. July 1 and Nov. 19, 1954, Boxes 35 and 58, McDonald Papers; and copy of Oral Garrison to David McDonald, May 21, 1954, enclosed in Robert Oliver to Walter Reuther, May 21, 1954, Box 28/2, CIO Washington Office Papers.
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• On Riffe, see Zieger Robert H. John Vernon Riffe Biographical Dictionary of American Labor , 2d ed. Fink Gary Wesport, CT 1984 486 487 and William Grogan, John Riffe of the Steelworkers: American Labor Statesman (NY, 1959).
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• Ahlstrom , Sydney . 1972 . A Religious History of the American People 925 – 926 . New Haven Walter Houston Clark, The Oxford Group: Its History and Significance (New York, 1951); clipping, New York Herald Tribune, May 15, 1939 (describing MRA rally at Madison Square Garden and telegrams of endorsement), John G. Ramsay Papers, Box 1590/367, Southern Labor Archives, Atlanta.
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• John G. Ramsay resumé notes, c.1941; clipping, James Wechsler, “John Ramsay Is A Buchmanite Preaching to Bethlehem…,” PM 1941 Feb. 12 Ramsay speech in untitled MRA pamphlet, c.1938, all in Ramsay Papers, Box 1590/367.
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• Ramsay to Bill Rowell April 1940 7 Box 1590/370, Ramsay Papers; Ramsay to Frank Buchman, June 2, 1942, Ibid.; “Uncle Frank” to Ramsay, June 26, 1942, ibid.; Ramsay to Clinton Golden, n.d. [c.1937–38], Box 1559/48, ibid.; Ramsay to Buchman, Nov. 25, 1935, Box 1590/367, ibid.
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• Early cultivation of Riffe is indicated in Lee Vrooman to Ramsay Mar. 1941 19 and Ramsay to Buchman, June 2, 1942, both Box 1590/370, ibid. Riffe's conversion is described in Rae Riffe to “Zona,” Oct. 3, 1959, Box 1590/371, ibid.
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• For Buchman's German connections, see Clark Oxford Group 77 78
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• Joseph Beirne to Walter Reuther with clipping from New York World Telegram and Sun, July 8, 1953, Box 34/7, CIO Washington Office Papers 1953 July 10 Washington Daily News, Nov. 4, 1953.
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• The New York Times Sept. 1954 29 29 27 James B. Carey to Riffe, Nov. 5, 1954, Box 24/16, CIO Washington Office Papers; expense sheets, c.Fall, 1954, documenting Riffe's expenses, Sept. 1953-Aug. 1954, Box 28/3, ibid.; clipping photostated from MRA Information Service, Oct. 4, 1954, Folder: CIO/Moral Re-Armament, 1954–55, Carey Papers Addendum 3. See also Riffe's column, “Organizationally Speaking,” CIO News, Oct. 1, 1954.
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• Riffe to Reuther Box 24/16, CIO Washington Office Papers, and Jan. 7, 1955, Box 24/17 1954 May 11 Carey to Riffe, Nov. 5, 1954, Box 24/16; excerpts of Carey's remarks at IUE convention, Riffe-Carey correspondence, Oct.–Nov. 1954, ibid.; Al Zack to Harry C. Fleischer, Sept. 29, 1954, Box 290/7, Reuther Papers; Reuther to Riffe, Dec. 2, 1954, and Riffe to Kenaston Twitchell, Dec. 4, 1954, Box 290/7, ibid.
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• Those quoted are Hank Rabun to Robert Oliver Box 41/1, and Boyd E. Payton to William Pollock, April 24, 1953, Box 37/1 1953 Feb. 4
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• CIO . Nov. 1953 . 1953 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Constitutional Convention of the Congress of Industrial Organizations Nov. , 562 – 562 . Cleveland 16–20
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• Reuther address, CIO Community Services Institute . April 1954 . Box 23/17, CIO Washington Office Papers April , 15
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• Robert Oliver interview GMMA Sept. 1979 7 8 17 (by Frank Fernbach)
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• Sept. 1979 . Robert Oliver interview Sept. , 30 – 31 .
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• Program for Organizing Government Workers Jan. 1953 c. Box 16/10, CIO Washington Office Papers; Solomon Barkin to Emil Rieve, Jan. 15, 1953, re: CIO organizational problems, ibid.; Riffe to Allan S. Haywood, Jan. 29, 1953 (report on southern organizing), 26/13; “On CIO Organizational Matters,” c.April 1953, 26/11; “Memo on CIO Organizational Matters as Adopted by Organizing Policy Committee,” April 21, 1953, ibid.; “Decision of Officers Meeting of February 3, 1954,” 23/6; Reuther to Riffe, Jan. 11, 1954, ibid.; Report of John V. Riffe on Meetings of General Organizing and Operating Committee, June 1 and 2, 1954, June 15, 1954, 26/8; Report of the Executive Vice President to the CIO Operating Committee, June 28, 1954, ibid.; “Memorandum for Special Committee on Organizing Program,” Oct. 1954, 27/7.
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• Goldberg interview Aug. 1983 24 Goldberg, AFL-CIO: Labor United, 1–12, and passim.
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• Oliver interview 33 – 34 .
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• May 1955 . CIO Executive Board minutes , May , ALUAWSU . 7
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• Although Secretary-Treasurer Carey reported in Oct. 1953, that CIO finances were in good shape Executive Committee minutes Oct. 1953 27 Box 22/20, CIO Washington Office Papers), the post-Korean War recession hit basic manufacturing with devastating force, creating massive unemployment and hence losses in membership and per capita tax on the part of major CIO affiliates (Draft, CIO Committee on Economic Policies, Feb. 16, 1954, ibid., 24/2).
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• A more skeptical journalist's estimate of under 4,000,000 CIO members is found in Riesel Victor CIO Girding to Push War Against AFL Philadelphia Inquirer 1952 Dec. 2
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• See, e.g. Levey Stanley C.I.O. Denies Talk of Union Mergers The New York Times June 1953 25 Victor Riesel, “M'Donald Ready to Deliver Death Blow to CIO,” New York Daily Mirror, Feb. 26, 1954; Reuther to Ralph Helstein, Mar. 15, 1953, Box 39/12, CIO Washington Office Papers; Robert Oliver to Reuther, July 15, 1953, 26/4, ibid.; CIO Executive Committee minutes, Oct. 27, 1953, Box 20/22, ibid.
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