342
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Organized labor and the civil rights movement of the 1960s: The case of the Maryland Freedom Union

Pages 322-346 | Published online: 28 Feb 2007

References

  • For a discussion of the role of unions in the history of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, see Denby Charles Indignant Heart: A Black Worker's Journal Boston 1978 David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York, 1986); William H. Harris, The Harder We Run: Black Workers Since the Civil War (New York, 1982).
  • See Hill Herbert Race, Ethnicity and Organized Labor: the Opposition to Affirmative Action New Politics Winter 1987 31 82
  • Meier , August and Rudwick , Elliott . 1973 . CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942–1968 6 – 6 . New York
  • Meier , August and Rudwick , Elliott . 1973 . CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942–1968 82 – 82 . New York
  • Garrow . 258 – 258 . 280; Denby, 195–199.
  • Meier and Rudwick . 149 – 149 . 281, 336; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1980 (New York, 1981), 179–184.
  • Haines , Herbert H. 1984 . Black Radicalization and the Funding of Civil Rights: 1957–70 . Social Problems , : 32 – 36 .
  • Hill , Herbert . 1961 . Racism Within Organized Labor: A Report of Five Years of the AFL-CIO . Journal of Negro Education , 30 Spring : 109 – 118 .
  • The Papers of the Congress of Racial Equality, 1941–1967 State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Series 5, #371 SanfordNC (Available on microfilm from Microfilming Corporation of America Meier and Rudwick, 239.
  • Meier and Rudwick . 201 – 201 . 227, 237
  • Meier and Rudwick . 236 – 237 . 249.
  • Meier and Rudwick . 199 – 200 . 361; “Hospital Strike Points Up New York as a Sweat-Shop Town,” News & Letters (Detroit), June–July 1962; “CORE and Labor Win in Detroit,” News & Letters, April 1965.
  • Sitkoff . 208 – 209 . C. Vann Woodward (New York Review of Books, Jan. 15, 1987, 9) approvingly quotes J. Mills Thornton's argument that in the mid-1960s the civil rights movement “ended for the same reason that World War II ended: the enemies had been defeated.”
  • Garrow . 491 – 491 . “The Papers of the Congress of Racial Equality: Addendum, 1944–68,” Wisconsin State Historical Society, Madison, Subgroup C, Series I, #107 (The Addendum to the CORE Papers is also available on microfilm); Thomas R. Brooks, Walls Come Tumbling Down: A History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1940–1970 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1974), 266.
  • 1963 . The Freedom Now Movement . News & Letters , Aug.–Sept.
  • Jacobson , Julius . 1968 . “ Union Conservatism: a Barrier to Racial Equality ” . In The Negro and the American Labor Movement Edited by: Jacobson . 2 – 2 . New York in
  • May 1965 . “ The Mississippi Freedom Labor Union ” . In Southern Patriot May , Louisville, Ky
  • 1966 . New York Pickets Help Grape Strikers . News & Letters , Jan.
  • The Maryland Freedom Union review of a proposal and plans for implementation, written by Mike Flug, Tony Riley and Howard Quander. “CORE Papers (Addendum),” Subgroup F, Series I, #4.
  • For a discussion of economic conditions facing Blacks in Maryland in the 1960s, see Callcott George Maryland and America: 1940 to 1980 Baltimore 1982 163 171
  • Speech to Columbia University CORE, by Mike Flug 1966 Feb.
  • For reports of the Lincoln Nursing Home strike and those at the other nursing homes, see CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup F, Series I, #4; “The Maryland Freedom Union: Black Women Workers Thinking and Doing,” by Mike Flug, 1969, in “Raya Dunayevskaya Collection,” Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Detroit, #3553; The Afro-American (Baltimore edition), Feb. 12, 1966; Frank K. Smith, “The Maryland Freedom Union,” The Long March (Baltimore), Summer 1966; Mike Flug, “CORE, Baltimore Negroes Form Maryland Freedom Union,” News & Letters, Mar. 1966.
  • Feb. 1966 . MFU leaflet on conditions at Lincoln Nursing Home Feb. ,
  • Allen , J. Linn . Feb. 1966 . “ Got 35© to 61© an hour! ” . In Afro-American , Baltimore edition Feb. , 12
  • For discussion of the role of black women in the Civil Rights Movement, see Evans Sara Personal Politics: the Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left New York 1979 Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi (New York, 1968); JoAnn Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It (Knoxville, TN, 1987); Angela Terrano, Marie Dignan and Mary Holmes, Working Women for Freedom, in “Raya Dunayevskaya Collection,” Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, #5370.
  • Interview with Ray Ford, former organizer for Maryland Freedom Union, 1987; Flug, “The Maryland Freedom Union.” For an account of hospital union organizing in Baltimore after the MFU, see Fink Leon Greenberg Brian Upheaval in the Quiet Zone Urbana, IL 1989 159 161
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup C, Series I, #108.
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup F, Series III, #368.
  • Smith , Frank K. The Maryland Freedom Union See also “CORE Papers (Addendum),” Subgroup F, Series III, #370.
  • Ford , Ray . 1966 . First Victory for Maryland Freedom Union . News & Letters , May
  • Ford , Ray . 1966 . First Victory for Maryland Freedom Union . News & Letters , May
  • Johnson , Ola . 1966 . Maryland Freedom Union Contract Makes Big Gains . News & Letters , June–July
  • Flug . The Maryland Freedom Union
  • Menapace , Jerry and Feinglass , Abe . 1966 . An Exchange of Views . Labor Today , 5 Dec. : 16 – 18 .
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup F, Series I, #4; Author's conversation with Floyd McKissick, June, 1966.
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup C, Series I, #109.
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup C, Series I, #110.
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup C, Series I, #111.
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup F, Series I, #4.
  • Flug . The Maryland Freedom Union
  • Allen J. Linn Target City has scored many gains Afro-American Aug. 1966 National edition 6 Ray Ford, “MFU Wins at Tommy Tucker's,” News & Letters, Aug.–Sept. 1966.
  • Jones , Vivian . 1967 . MFU is Big Winner at Roth's Market . News & Letters , April
  • Letter from James Griffin to author Interview with Ray Ford 1970 Aug. 3 1988
  • Dunayevskaya , Raya . 1982 . Philosophy and Revolution: From Hegel to Sartre and from Marx to Mao Atlantic Highlands, NJ
  • Johnson , Ola . 1966 . Low-Paid Workers Win Fight for Union . News & Letters , Aug.–Sept.
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup C, Series I, #114.
  • Lou , Turner and John , Alan . 1986 . Frantz Fanon, Soweto and American Black Thought 31 – 31 . Chicago
  • Harris . The Harder We Run 162 – 162 .
  • For further discussion of the mass self-organization of Montgomery's black working people in the bus boycott, see Dunayevskaya Raya Marxism and Freedom: From 1776 until Today Atlantic Highlands, NJ 1982 279 281
  • CORE Papers (Addendum) Subgroup F, Series III, #368; Harris, The Harder We Run, 167.
  • Herbert , Hill . “ The Racial Practices of Organized Labor: The Contemporary Record ” . In The Negro and American Labor Edited by: Jacobson . 356 – 356 . in
  • See Geschwender James A. Class, Race and Worker Insurgency Cambridge, MA 1977
  • Harris . The Harder We Run 162 – 162 .
  • On the Memphis struggle of 1968, see Beifuss Joan Turner At the River I Stand Memphis 1985
  • Denby , Charles . 1985 . “ Black Caucuses in the Unions ” . In New Politics Vol. 7 , Memphis
  • Terrano, Dignan and Holmes 9 – 9 .
  • For one account of the transition from the Civil Rights Movement to the Women's Liberation Movement, see Evans Sara Personal Politics New York 1979
  • In March and April 1966, several of the staff and workers at the Maryland Freedom Union house were engaged in a study of American Civilization on Trial: Black Masses as Vanguard Detroit 1963 News & Letters

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.