References
- Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 .
- Ford, p. 102 ff.
- Ford, p. Il3.
- Physics 192b21-23.
- Metaphysics VII.
- Aristotle, De Anima II, I, 412a18-23.
- See “Nature as Animating: The Soul in the Hwnan Sciences”, The Thomist, 49, 4 (October, 1985), 612-648, or, more recently, The Modeling o/Nature: Philosophy 0/Science and Philosophy 0/Nature in Synthesis, Washington, D.C., The Catholic University ofAmerica Press, 1996.
- From a Realist Point o/Viewsays on the Philosophy o/Science, Washington, D.C.: University Press ofAmerica, 1979, p. 226.
- I92b2I-23. Translated by R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, in The Basic Works 0/Aristotle, Richard McKeon, editor. New York: Random House, 1941 .
- Aristotle, De Anima II, I, 4I2a' 8-23, Metaphysics VII, 104Ib6 and VIII, I043a35; Physics II, I93a27-193b8. For Thomas Aquinas see the respective commentaries and Summa Theologica Q44 a 2 and Q46 a I.
- Summa Theologicae I, 90, 3 and 4.
- Actually the phrase “moment ofconception” is not clear. Conception includes fertilization and implantation because the word includes acceptance or reception of the conceptus. “The simple primitive insight expressed by conception is that ofa female mammal holding on to the semen which in some mysterious way leads to the start ofa new life and thereby enables her to bear offspring in her womb.” (Ford, P. 8) However, most persons using the phrase today are using it as synonymous with fertilization. Fertilization is also not occurring in a momentary fashion . When the
- B.M. Carlson, Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. St. Louis: Mosby Year-Book, Inc. 1994, especially chapters 2, “Transport of Gametes and Fertilization“, and 3, “Cleavage and Implantation.”
- For a summary ofthese teachings ofAristotle, see Ford, esp. pp. 25-42.
- B. Ashley, "A Critique ofthe Theory ofDelayed Hominization", in An Ethical Evaluation ofFetal Experimentation: An Interdisciplinary Study. edited by D.G. McCarthy and A.S. Moraczewski. st. Louis: Pope John XXIII Medical-Moral Research and Education Center, 1976, Appendix I, pp. 113-133, esp. p. 125.
- W.E. May, “The Moral Status of the Embryo”, Linacre Quarterly, 59:4 (November, 1992) pp. 76-83.
- J.J. Lejeune, Testimony in the circuit court for Blount County, Tennessee, at Maryville, Equity Division, (Div I), 1989.
- D.N. Irving, “Scientific and Philosophical Expertise: An Evaluation of the Arguments on 'Personhood' ”, Linacre Quarterly 60:I (February, 1993) pp. 18-46.
- Irving, p. 26.
- A. Sutton, “Ten Years After the Warnock Report: Is the Human Neo-Conceptus a Person?”, Linacre Quarterly 62:2 (May 1995) pp. 63-74.
- Sutton, p.70
- Apologeticus 9, 8, quoted in G.H. Williams, “Religious Residues and Presuppositions in the American Debate on Abortion,” in Theological Studies 31 :1 (March 1970) p. 25.
- Ford, p. 110.
- Ford, pp. xv.
- This is the main thesis ofFord's book When Did I Begin? but it is the focus ofpp. 91-101.
- “Nature and Human Nature as the Norm in Medical Ethics” in Catholic Perspectives on Medical Morals,edited by E.D. Pellegrino, J.P. Langan, and J.C. Harvey. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989, pp. 23-53; and “Aquinas's Legacy on Individuation, Cogitation, and Hominization”, in Thomas Aquinas and His Legacy,editor D. GalIagher, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University ofAmerica Press, 1994, pp. 173-193.
- “Immediate Animation and Delayed Hominization”, Theological Studies31: I (March 1970) pp. 76-105.
- For a review ofhistorical positions see George H. Williams, “Religious Residues and Presuppositions in the American Debate on Abortion”, Theological Studies31: I (March 1970) pp. 10-75. A thorough review ofAquinas may be found in Stephen J. Heaney, “Aquinas and the Presence of the Human Rational Soul in the Early Embryo”, The Thomist56:1 (January, 1992) pp. 19-48; or see WalIace, “Aquinas's Legacy”, p. 193, n.26. All ofthe authors we have referred to invoke the teaching of Thomas Aquinas.
- Ford, p. 49; Williams, p. 47.
- Heaney, p. 23 ff.
- Ashley, 121-125; and Heaney. This is the main thesis ofHeaney's article.
- p. 20. These principles are based on Thomas Aquinas, Summa TheologicaeI, 90, 3 and 4.
- p. 79. Cf. Aquinas, Summa TheologicaI, q. 118, a. 2, ad 2; Summa Contra Gentiles2,89.
- Ford, p. 113
- Ford, p. 118. These claims are supported by the following: C.R. Austin, 'The Egg' in Germ Cells and Fertilization,Book I, Reproduction in Mammals,eds. C.R. Austin & R.V Short, Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 52-4; A. McLaren, 'The Embryo' in Embryonic andFetal Development,Book 2, Reproduction in Mammals.pp. 12-4. The four-cell stage is suggested for the expression ofthe human embryonic genome by P. R. Braude, V.N. Boiton, and M.H. Johnson in 'The use ofhuman pre-embryos for research', in Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?,the CIBA Foundation, London: Tavistock Publications, 1986, p. 68.
- Ford, p. 147.
- Ford, p. 145.
- Conception in the Human Female, London: Academic Press, 1980,931-3. Cited in Ford, p. 133. These figures are determined by whether or not the chorionic membranes are shared by the twins.
- p. 67.
- Further research and evaluation are required, but it is interesting that scientific data points to a 50% loss ofearly embryos before implantation is completed. Most ofthese are from genetic errors. See Shannon and Wolter, p. 618-9; Allen C. Enders,“Implantation (Embryology)”, in Encyclopedia ofHuman Biology, Vol. 4. Editor-in-Chief R. Dulbecco. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. 1991, p. 429-30; and A.J. Wilcox, C.R. Weinberg, J.F. O'Connor, D.D. Baird, J.P. Schlatterer, R.E. Canfield, E.G. Armstrong, and B.C. Nisula, “Incidence ofEarly Loss ofPregnancy”, The New EnglandJournal ofMedicine 319:4 (July 1988) pp. 189-194.
- Aristotle's Categories, la25-7. Translated by E.M. Edghill. In The Basic Works ofAristotle, R. McKeon, editor, New York: Random House, 1941.
- “Nature and ...Medical Ethics”, P. 29.
- Aquinas: “Natural form...requires determinate quantity.” In physics, n. 1067, BAST,529. Aristotle: “Distinct forms require distinct matter.” Physics 194b 8-10, Apostle tr. 29.