References
- Additional MSS. Brit. Mus. 38823
- In a forthcoming work on Ralegh's Virginia Colony to be published by the Hakluyt Society
- 1554 . Disaster followed the appointment of the Portuguese gentleman pilot, Anes Pinteado, to serve with Captain Wyndham on the first English voyage to Guinea,. The Englishman would not brook his advice, eventually breaking up his cabin, destroying his navigating instruments and loading him with abuse. The crew followed suit, and Pinteado died, ‘of pensiveness’, said his friend and chronicler, Richard Eden
- Blundeville , Thomas . 1605 . expressing the hope that Drake would publish a Diary of his circumnavigation, mentions just these points as desiderata and Richard Polter in his Pathway to Perfect Sayling on board ship (has a similar list. Neither mentions instrumental observations as part of a normal routine
- Tudor Geography Further details concerning the part played by John Dee and others in the advancement of navigation and survey will be found in E. G. R. Taylor: and its sequel, Late Tudor and Early Stuart Geography.
- On the eve of making the first Barbary voyage in 1551 both men were among those stricken with the sweating sickness, of which Ostridge died
- He published the works of the mathematician and almanack maker, Leonard Digges, and made various instruments which Digges designed and recommended
- Humfrey Gilbert later married into the family of Sir Anthony Aucher, Customer for Calais
- The Duke of Northumberland's son-in-law
- 1553 . The Astronomicall and Logisticall Rules or Canons to calculate the Ephemerides by, and other necessary accounts of heavenly motions. Dee lists among his own unpublished works: Written at the request and for the use of yt excellent mechanician Mr Richard Chancellor
- 1542 . Pedro Nunez was the first to describe a diagonal scale (the nonnius) in his De Crepusculis. But although Dee had this work in his library he too speaks of Chancellor's scale as original
- Both John Dee and Bale mention that he wrote on Geometry
- Journal (Hakluyt's Voyages). ‘The land lay not as the globe made mention’, says Willoughby's
- 1554 . About two years before the brothers Borough made these observations, i.e. in, three observations of variation in the Atlantic Ocean are recorded as made on the second Guinea voyage. The places of observation cannot, however, be fixed and the observer may have been a foreigner, for Eden says of the pilot that he was one who proceeded ‘not by conjecture but by the art of sayling, and instruments pertaining to the mariner's art’. Yet he does not name him as might be expected if he was English
- Inventum mechanicum paradoxum Dee refers to it as: in his list of his own writings. The ‘paradox’ lay in the spiral or ‘helique’ shape taken by the rhumb lines on the globe
- Collected Works In the Latin edition of his later studied by William Borough
- Rotz , Jean . 1542 . presenting his Compass for Variation to Henry VIII mentions the errors of the plain chart
- 1546 . Quesiti e Inventioni His, for example
- Society of the New Art He was employed in 1571 to oversee the metallurgical work of the formed for transmuting copper into gold, in which Burghley, Leicester, Gilbert and others were interested
- Annulus Astronomicus A study of the list of these instruments shows that they were selected by a mathematician rather than a sailor. They included for example an (Pl. 2), such as Gemma Frisius had devised, which had had an immense vogue among astronomers, and rightly so, but was much too complicated for such a man as Frobisher even had it been suitable for use on board ship
- Several of these are extant, including one of the new sea-route to Russia through the Baltic Sea which superseded that round North Cape
- Borough , Stephen . 1563 . writing in, still considered that the blind were leading the blind, and wanted power to examine the competence of bo'suns and quartermasters before they were allowed to pronounce on the competence of their ‘prentices and boys’. (Lansdown MSS. 116. No. 3.)
- Taylor , E. G. R. 1586 . Journal of the Institute of Navigation Vol. 3 , See: ‘Five Centuries of Dead Reckoning’, Vol., no. 3. The log-line is perhaps indirectly referred to by John Davis in: ‘At noon by precise ordinary care we had sailed 15 leagues S. and by W., yet by art and more exact observation we found our course to be S.W., so that we plainly perceived a great current striking to the west.’
- Borough , William . like his elder brother, served a term as Master of Trinity House, and there is plenty of evidence that he was held in high esteem
- 1582 . Sundry Errors committed by Landmeaters A number are mentioned by Edward Worsop in his
- ‘Lett Bavin carry with him good store of parchment, Paper Ryall, Quills, and Inck, black powder to make ynck, and all sortes of colours to drawe all thinges to life, gumme, pensyll, and stone to grinde Colours, mouth-glue, black leade, 2 payres of brazen compasses, and other Instrumentes to drawe cardes and plottes.’
- ‘Another to attend him alweis when he draweth, with all his marckes written in parchment, to oversee him that he mistakes not any of the said marckes in his plottes.’
- Instructions. In spite of all he writes on the subject of compasses corrected for variation, William Borough recommended this standard English instrument (corrected for a variation of a quarter point east of north), a further point to link him with these Frobisher was provided with a meridian compass, in which the needle was attached exactly beneath the ‘lily’ of the compass card, but no doubt a pilot would prefer the instrument with which he had grown up
- 1594 . The mathematician Thomas Blundeville, writing in, expressed a wish that Master Borough would publish his experience of the use of time-pieces for longitude at sea. There is evidence that by that date instrument-makers were selling watches of poor quality to sailors, and these, of course, proved useless. Thomas Hariot listed ‘spring-clocks’ and ‘perspective glasses’ among the instruments taken to Virginia in 1584. William Bourne, writing in 1580, suggested the use of'a perfect good clock that goeth with a spring' and having a 24-hour dial to indicate the cardinal points near the Pole where the method of determination by the Sun's southing broke down
- 1476 . Ephemerides The earliest printed were those of Regiomontanus, and these were the basis of numerous later publications of similar tables and predictions
- His day was reckoned from midnight to midnight; on shipboard, and by some astronomers, it was taken from noon to noon, hence the discrepancy of dates
- Cuningham's determinations of the longitude of Norwich by a lunar eclipse and a lunar distance respectively differed by 36′. But he was 3° out in his calculation of the distance between the meridians of Augsburg and Norwich, while Leovitius's Table put London about 4½° too far west of his own meridian, which the unknown almanack maker partly corrected
- Ephemerides Yet it is quite clear from a comparison of Borough's Tract of 1581 with the edited by Stadius that he had a copy of the volume beside him
- Polter , Richard . 1605 . Ephemerides Master of the King's Ships appears to have read Stadius's and Maestlin's Astronomy (the most recent book on the subject) without properly grasping all he read
- 1581 . Such tablets were published by various stationers, like our annual pocket diaries. A ‘pair’ issued for is to be found in the British Museum
- Delight. Edward Hayes related that at his last conference with his leader before Gilbert was drowned, Gilbert lamented the loss of his books and notes even more than that of the ship or his men. ‘The remembrance touched him so deepe, as not able to containe himselfe, he beat his boy in great rage, even…so long after the miscarying of the great ship.’ For the lad had forgotten certain notes that Gilbert had intended to remove from the
- It will be recalled that he hazarded his ship when entering St John's harbour in broad daylight
- These included lames Kynfin and Charles Whitwell