ENGLISH SHIPPING IN THE BRAZIL TRADE, 1640–65

References

• 1810 . The Commercial Relations of England and Portugal Vol. 1 , 179 – 80 . Shillington and Chapman, (London, 19??), pp. Cf. also John Whithall's letter of 1578 reproduced in Southey, History of Brazil (London, Vol., pp. 352–3 and 649–51, and Richard May and Francisco de Rocha's accounts of cloth exports to Pernambucoin 1585 (British Museum Add. MSS. 14027, fols. 123–6)
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• 1922 . Loc. cit. 180 – 76 . . For English and Irish expeditions to the Maranhão and Pará at this time, cf. G. Edmundson's articles in The English Historical Reveiw, Vols, XVI, XVIII, XXI (1901–6); J. A. Williamson, English Colonies in Guiana and on the Amaxon, 1604–1668 (Oxford, Helio Vianna, Estudos de Histiória Colonial (São Paulo, 1948), pp. 252
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• Rodrigues Lapa , M. , ed. 1927 . Ceylon and Portugal 286 – 306 . Leipzig On the employment of Flemish and German gunners in the sixteenth-century, cf. Pieris and Fitzler, pp. Diogo do Couto's remark from his Soldado Pratico (ed., Lisbon, 1937), p. 115. João Pereira Corte-Real, in his proposals for the recovery of Ormuz (British Museum, Egerton MSS., 1131 fols. 192 v.), wrote, ‘…mucho convendria valerse V. M. de artilleros de Alemania o de los estados obedecidos para esta armada pues estando la guerra de la mar en ellos hazen tanta ventage los de ynglaterra, a los nuestros y aun deve V. M. mandar venir algunos pera que en este Reyno ensenen a los nuestros’. Cf. Antonio Bocarro's criticism of the inefficiency of Portuguese gunnery in his Decada XIII (Lisbon, 1876), pp. 25–31, 340, and Padre Fernão de Queiroz, S.J., Fida do Irmãc Pedro de Basto (Lisbon, 1689), pp. 282–8. For the employment of English gunners in Portuguese Brazil ships circa 1630–40, cf. Arquivo Historico Colonial Lisbon [hereinafter referred to as AHC Lisbon], Index das Consultas do Conselho da Fazenda, Codice no. 40 (1634), fols. 146 v.ff. and Bahia, Caixa i, Documentos avulsos, for 1634–43 passim; Documentos Historicos (Rio de Janeiro, 1930), Vol. XVI pp. 262–3 and 445–7
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• 1647 . Bahia, Caixa , 1 2 February AHC Lisbon, documents of 5 May 1639, 5 May 1640; Ibid. Consulta do Conselho Ultramarino,. Montalvão had reached Bahia in June 1640
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• 1642 . Articles of Peace and Commerce, between the High and Mighty Kings, Charles…and John the 4th King of Portugal…concluded at London the nine and twentieth day of January, 1642, Stilo Novo London (For the Luso-Dutch Truce of 1641, cf. E. Prestage, The Diplomatic Relations of Portugal with France, England and Holland, 1640–1668 (Watford, 1925), pp- 175–8I, and the same author's A Embaixada de Tristão de Mendonça Furtado a Holanda em 1641 (Coimbra, 1920)
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• 1942 . Pilotos das navega f oes Portuguesas dos séculos XVI e XVII 86 Lisbon Frazão de Vasconcelos, p. This document is housed in the AHC Lisbon. The discussion on the employment of English and Hansa ships to convoy the Brazil fleets will be found in the Consulta of 17 March 1647 (AHC Lisbon, Bahia, Caixa 1)
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• 1940 . Ocidente 89 Lisbon Public Record Office, S.P./4 Part I, fol. 68. There were exceptions of course. An anonymous Portuguese memorialist of 1650 (? Dr Antonio de Sousa de Macedo) instances two Englishmen who went to Bahia with a ship and a pinnace under Crown licence about 1645, but lost so heavily in the venture that they did not care to repeat the experiment although their licence was good for another voyage. They went instead to Angola, where one of them died. (Document printed in Vol. ix, p. 282.)
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• 1657 . 63 – 76 . Shillington and Chapman, loc. cit. For the introduction of sugar into the Barbados from Dutch Brazil cf. R. Ligon, A true and Exact Account of Barbados (London, and A. P. Canabrava, A Influencia do Brasil na técnica do fabrico de açucar nas Antilhas Francesas e Inglesas no meado do século XVII, (Anuario da Faculdade de Ciencias economicos e administrativas da Universidade de Sao Paulo (São Paulo, 1947), pp. Figures for the sugar production of Brazil in 1640–5 are taken from Gaspar Dias Ferreira's letter of 8 December 1645, printed in the Revista do Instituto Arq. de Pemambuco (Recife, April, 1887), pp. 75–106; Padre Antonio Vieira's Pareçer of March 1647, as reproduced in João Francisco Lisboa, Obras Completas (Lisbon, 1901), Vol. II, p. 90. Cf. also José Hygino's description of Dutch Brazil in Revista Trimensal (Rio de Janeiro, 1895), Vol. LVIII, and the discussion of the Brazilian seventeenth- century sugar trade by J. Lucio d'Azevedo, Epocas de Portugal Economico (Lisbon, 1929), pp. 258–79
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• M.M. 70 Correspondence of Francisco Barreto de Menezes intercepted by the Dutch in 1648, and quoted in my article ‘Blake and the Brazil Fleets in 1650’ (July 1950); the letter of his colleague, João Fernandes Vieira, was discussed in the meeting of the Conselho Ultramarino, 5 September 1648 (Anais da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (Rio, 1921), Vol. XXXIX, p.). The Dutch took 249 prizes from Portuguese shipping engaged in the Brazil trade in the years 1647–8 (M.M. loc. cit.). An anonymous and undated refutation of Padre Vieira's Papel Forte, and which I suspect from internal evidence to have been drawn up by Dr Antonio de Sousa de Macedo early in 1649, stated that the Dutch took between seventy and eighty out of every hundred Portuguese merchant ships which left from Brazil, and thus financed their privateering war against Portuguese overseas trade with the proceeds of these prizes (‘He cousa sabida, que de cem navios nossos manços que partirão para Portugal tomarão setenta ou oitenta, e assim nos fizerão guerra com o nosso cabedal’. B.N., Rio de Janeiro, Cod. 1–6–2, no. 38, Papel contra a entrega de Pernambuco, being item no. 4 of this codex, which contains several other papers of 1648/9, expressing similar views)
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• 1901 . The Papel Forte 280 – 307 . and related papers of 164.8–9 are collected in copies in the B.N., Rio de Janeiro, Cod. 1–6–2, nos. 38 and 39. The best and fullest version available in print of this famous controversy will be found in João Francisco Lisboa's Obras Completas (Lisbon, Vol. II pp. For Manuel de Moreas, cf. Afonso E. Taunay in the Anaes do Mtiseu Paulista (São Paulo, 1927), Vols. I and II
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• 1648 . Cartas del Rei D. João IV para 0 Marquez, de Niza 207 – 8 . The relevant documents, dated February, are printed in full in the (Lisbon, 1940), Vol. II, pp. The quintal corresponds to the English hundredweight and the arratel to the pound
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• 1950 . Hispanic-American Historical Review 483 – 513 . Cf. my articles in the Vol. XXVIII, pp. Ibid., Vol. XXIX (1948–9), and M.M. July. The ships which arrived with Salvador at Rio in January 1648, were ‘meest Engeische ende vreemde schepen’, according to the skipper of one of them, the Santa Marta e Margarida, named the Inglezinho or Little Englishman, Archief der Westindische Compagnie (Oude Comp.) no. 64, Appendix to the Recife Council's letter of 19 December 1649, kindly supplied by Mr W. J. Hoboken; De With's journal for the 10 and 23 April 1649 (MSS. copy in the José Hygino MSS. at Historical Institute of Pernambuco). The capture of the Concordia is related fully in a very rare little pamphlet entitled Voorlooper van D'Hr Witte Corneliszoon de With, printed in 1650. It contains the complaint of Barent Cramer, who had been M. H. Tromp's flag-captain in 1639, and who was chiefly responsible for the capture of the Concordia. He had been arbitrarily cashiered by de With on a trumped-up charge, and had a red-hot nail driven through his tongue by the admiral's order! The matter is also dealt with in the Recife Council's letter of 29 November 1649, copied in the José Hygino MSS., Pernambuco, Instituto Historico
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• Recife Council's letter of 27 October 1648 in the José Hygino MSS., Pernambuco
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• 1648 . Overgecomen Brieven All the foregoing from the series for 1648–50 in the José Hygino MSS. The Council had previously (early in suggested that the home government should give them orders to refuse quarter to the Portuguese both by water and by land. The Directors of the W.I.C. and the States-General both declined to issue official orders to this effect, although they insinuated that if the Recife Council chose to adopt this policy of ‘frightfulness’ on its own responsibility, they would look the other way. In the event, and wisely, the suggestion was not acted upon. (Cf. letters of the Heeren XIX d. 20 July 1648, and 8 May 1653, and Recife Council letters of 8 February 1648, and 20 November 1651, in José Hygino MSS.)
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• 1890 . Thurloe Papers , New Series 131 – 40 . Pedro Vieira da Silva's letters printed (in translation) in the Vol. I, pp.; S. R. Gardiner, Prince Rupert at Lisbon (Camden Society, Miscellany, Vol. x, pp. 12–14, London,; R. C. Anderson's article in M.M. Vol. XVII, pp. 137–8. Rupert kept the Roebuck, despite the Portuguese protests, although ‘the trial in the Admiralty cost more time and trouble than she was worth, though at last she was judged prize for not striking to the flag of her Sovereign’. Cf. also the Portuguese documents printed by Eduardo Brazão, Ocidente (Lisbon, 1940), Vol. IX, pp. 265–72
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• 1940 . Cartas del Ret Dom João IF para diversas autoridades do Reino 371 – 6 . Cf. King João IV's letters of 12/14 June 1650, in pp., and the Consultas of the Junta for August/September 1650 in AHC Lisbon, Bahia 1, Documentos Avulsos. It was estimated in June 1650 that there were then as many as sixty English ships in Portuguese ports, apart from those in Brazilian waters. (Cf. document printed on p. 271 of Ocidente, May,.)
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• 1950 . Bahia , 1 The judicial papers relating to the sequestration of English ships and goods at Bahia in August/September 1650 will be found in AHC Lisbon,Documentos Avulsos. Castel- Melhor, in his covering letter of 23 September, complained that the Brazil Company's local representatives would not co-operate in making an inventory of the Blessing, as this ship was freighted for the Company's own account, and not for any private merchant or the Crown. Another ship, Mary and John, did not return to Portugal with this combined fleet, but was taken by the Dutch when leaving Bahia a year later (cf. M.M. July,. For the claims of the Bushell brothers and other English merchants for their losses on the occassion of the sequestration cf. British Museum, Add. MSS. 4192, fol. 86, Thurloe Papers, Vol. III, pp. 198–201. Shillington and Chapman (Commercial Relation, p. 193) misread their source when they write ‘English ships in the Portuguese service seized in Brazil were estimated at £23, 614’. This last sum was the claim for the Sarah alone. Cf. also Documentos Historicos (Rio, 1928), Vol. V, pp. 4–31. The English claims dragged on for years, and were never paid in full. Their progress, or rather lack of progress, from 1656 to 1690, can be followed in the P.R.O. series S.P. 89/8, fol. 341; 89/9, fol. 53; 89/12, fols. 43–8; 89/14, fol. 56; 89/16, fols. 209–66
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• 1942 . Act 117 – 32 . A printed copy of 8 November (O.S.) will be found in British Museum, Add. MSS. 4192, fols. 79–8. This codex also contains a lot of original papers relating to the Anglo-Portuguese negotiations of 1650–4, which I have drawn upon in this text. For a fuller account see E. Prestage, Diplomatic Relations of Portugal with France, England, and Holland from 1640 to 1668 (Watford, 1925), pp. The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1654 was a very one-sided agreement, and Cromwell only extorted its belated ratification by the dispatch of a fleet to the Tagus two years later. But it may be noted that the clauses covering the English trade with Brazil were almost the only ones on which the Portuguese ambassador did not give way to the English demands in toto. They conceded nothing which the English had not already enjoyed in 1648–50, in practice if not in theory. For the lifting of the sequestration at Bahia in 1652, cf. Documentos Historicos (Rio, Vol. LXVI, p. 39, and for the capture of the Venetian Trader, cf. José Hygino MSS. Brieven uit Brésilien, Recife Council Letter of 20 December 1652
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• José Hygino MSS. Recife Council letters of 8 July 1652, 12 August 1652, 5 and 20 September 1652, and 13 June 1653. In December 1652 the Count of Peneguião told Cromwell's Council of State that ‘most of the munitions and supplies which are needed for the defence of Portugal and the fitting-out of her armadas come by contract from Holland’ (British Museum, Birch MSS., 4192, fol. 90). As in the eighty-years' war with Spain, the opposing sides had to do almost as much trading as fighting with each other
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• Prestage , E. , ed. 1931 . Thurloe Papers Vol. 11 , 594 – 3 . For the final blockade and fall of Recife in 1653/4, cf. Vol. I, p.; Vol., pp. 562; Francisco Manuel de Melo, Epanaphoras Coimbra, pp.372–418, and Naber's edition of Haecx's Journal in Bijdragen en Mededelingen van het-Historisch Genootschap, Vol. XLVI (Utrecht, 1925), pp. 295–301. These published versions should be amplified and corrected from the evidence given in the court-martial proceedings instituted in 1654/5, against those held responsible for the loss of Dutch Brazil, which I have examined in the transcripts of the José Hygino MSS. For Dutch anxieties on previous occasions cf. the Recife Council letters of 4 September 1645, 13 December 1649, 15 February 1650, 20 November 1651, 28 March 1652, and 12 August 1652 (José Hygino MSS., Brieven uit Brésilien, 1645–54)
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• 1942 . Documentos Historicos 57 – 63 . Rio LXVI, pp. and 84–7, show the Portuguese fear of Anglo-Dutch designs on Brazil
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• Thurloe Papers 67 – 70 . v, pp., 123–6; letters of Meadows and Montagu
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• 1675 . Thurloe Papers 43 – 51 . v, 242, 257; Viage da Armada da Companhia do Commercio e Frotas do Estado do Brasil a cargo do General Francisco de Brito Freyre (Lisbon, pp. There was at least one English vessel, The Hope, amongst the escorting warships of Brito Freyre's convoy, and there were doubtless several others amongst the merchant ships
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• “ Documentos Historicos ” . In Consulta 350 – 5 . Conselho Ultramarino's of 10 July 1652 in AHC Lisbon. Correspondence in Vol. iv, p.; Vol. xxxi, pp. 2, 102; and Vol. LXVI, p. 134. From these documents we learn that two Englishmen, John Peddie and John Georges, were made leaders of a troop of forty foreigners (mostly deserters from the Dutch West-India Company's mercenary forces) on a slave-raiding expedition into the interior of Bahia in September 1651. The names of those mentioned in Maynard's complaint can be identified with fair certainty as Thomas Williams, Edward Newman, Adam Wise and Richard English. A sketch of Thomas Maynard's career in Portugal will be found in M. S. Jayne's articles on this interesting man in the Lisbon Branch of the Historical Association, Fourth Annual Report (1940), pp. 219–27, and Fifth Annual Report (1941), pp. 314–24. I suspect that the two brothers Maynard, who were amongst the earliest gold-seekers in Minas Geraes (Brazil) at the beginning of the eighteenth century, were descendente of his. Maynard's correspondence in the Public Record Office, contained in the series S.P. 89/4—S.P. 89/16, covering the years 1654–90, forms a valuable source for the history of Portugal during this period
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• 1862 . Hispanic-American Historical Review 474 – 64 . For the establishment of the Brazil Company and its original charter cf. my article, ‘Padre Antonio Vieira, S.J., and the Institution of the Brazil Company in 1649’ (Vol. XXIX, p.). The complaints of both Portuguese and Brazilians against the Company as summarized by Antonio Barbosa Barcellar will be found in AHC Lisbon, Bahia, Caixa I, and the Revista Trimensal (Rio de Janeiro, Vol. XXV, pp. 459. For the modification of the Company's charter in 1655–58, see the documents printed in Documentos Historicos (Rio de Janeiro, 1944), Vol. LXVI, pp. 127–30 and 150–6
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• 1923 . Thurloe Papers 519 – 20 . VI, pp., 582, 751, 809. For the Dutch blockade of Lisbon in 1657, cf. J. de Graaf, Scheepsjournaal van Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer van Obdam, betreffende eene reis van Hellevoetsluis naar Lissabon en terug in 1657 (Deventer,. An English Intelligence report of this year noted that the Portuguese had about twenty ships, ‘13 of which are gallant men of war; but they want both commanders and seamen’ [Thurhe Papers], Vol. VI, p. 560). The same source later gave the Portuguese Armada as consisting of the Bom Jesus (70), Sao Pedro (60), São Gonçalo (50), and another seventeen ships of from 30 to 40 guns each (Ibid. p. 631)
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• The milreis was then worth between 1 II s. 6 d. and 12 s. 6 d. in English money
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• 27 June 1659 . 27 June , This case is very fully narrated in P.R.O., H.C.A. 13/73, under the date of, to which Miss Olga Pantaleão kindly drew my attention. Another English ship visited Angola at this time to load negro slaves for Virginia
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• 1930 . Documentos Historicos 61 – 69 . XX, pp., 141, 192–4, 253–280 (Rio,; Vol. LXVI, p. 145 (Rio, 1944). Other prominent British merchants at Lisbon who were sending ships to Brazil for their own account at this time were Thomas Kemp and Robert Cox, of whom Robert Cox had ships at Rio in 1658. (AHC Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro, Caixa 1; Cf. Annaes da Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. XX.) The ship Hopewell, John Cobb, master, was confiscated at Luanda by the Governor of Angola, João Fernandes Vieira, in 1658, and not released until 1661
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• 1925 . De Verwikkelingen tusschen de Republiek en England van 1660–1665 (Leiden 120 – 7 . Luso-Dutch Truce of 1641, article XVII; Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1654, article XI. British Museum, Add. MSS. 22919, fol. 57; N. Japikse, 1900), pp.; E. Prestage, Diplomatic Relations (Watford, pp. 215–26; Thurloe Papers, Vol. VII, pp. 18, 22, 30, 456–57
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• Commercial Relations 206 – 209 . Shillington and Chapman, pp. The serious competition of Barbados sugar is first mentioned in King João IV's Alvard of 30 December 1655 (Documentos Historicos, Vol. LXVI, pp. 127–30)
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• 1935 . 1935 – 70 . For impartial and judicious discussions of the Anglo-Portuguese Marriage Treaty and its effects cf. Shillington and Chapman, loc. cit.; E. Prestage, Diplomatic Relations, pp., and Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations (Watford, pp. 147–51; Eduardo Brazão, A Restauração (Lisbon, 1939), pp. 202–62; D. Virginia Rau, D. Catarina de Bragança, Rainha de Inglaterra (Lisbon, 1941), pp. 25–60
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• 10 January 1662 . Falcon 10 January , 10 January 1662 – 2 . For the loss of the cf. R. Parker's letter of, to ‘that worthy gentleman’, Sir George Downing, in British Museum, Add. MSS. 22920, fol. 6. For the damage done to Dutch trade by English-protected privateers with Portuguese letters-of-marque, cf. Japikse, Verwikkelingen, pp., 115, 175, 210–11, 237, 268. Downing's fear of de Ruyter's secret orders, ibid., 126 n. The Portuguese Government, writing to the Brazilian authorities about raising their share of a colossal poll-tax to pay part of the dowry of Queen Catherine, pointed out (4 February 1662) that the benefits already derived from the Anglo-Portuguese alliance included ‘peace with Holland through the mediation of that King, who also sent a powerful fleet under General Montague to protect and convoy our sugar-fleets and thus to help you’, and the ‘great prestige which through this marriage we gain with all foreign nations’ (Documentos Historicos, Vol. LXVI, pp. 191). For English naval assistance to Portugal in 1661–3, by the squadrons of Sir Richard Stayner and Sir John Lawson, cf. P.R.O., S.P. 89/4, fol. 191–8; 89/5 fols. 24, 99, 118, 143–5; S-P. 89/6, fols. 88, 116, 163–4, 217–18; S.P. 89/16, fol. 70
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• Japikse . Verwikkelingen 115 175, 210–11, where a letter of Morrice to Downing, dated, 9 May 1662 is quoted, ‘I acquainted his Majesty with what you writte the last weeke of this concernment, but the kinge resolved that no such rapts should be heere receaved and what was in his power should be restored to the Dutch, if taken from them by his subjects so commissionated.’ Cf. also S.P. 89/4, fols. 188–90, 198–192; S.P. 89/5, fols. 1–5, 162; S.P. 89/6, fol. 140
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• Bahia, Caixa 384 – 99 . See Barreto's letters on the Garland affair in the AHC Lisbon, i, d. 9 September 1660 and 23 February 1661, and Documentos Historicos (Rio), Vol. IV, pp. and Vol. XX, pp. 204–5. It would be interesting to know if Garland was a member of the Dorset family of the same name which later traded extensively to Portugal and Newfoundland, as related in R. G. Jayne's article ‘The Garland Family’ (Ninth Report of the Lisbon branch of the Historical Association (1945), pp. 573 ff.)
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• 89 R.O., S.P./5, fols. 71–2; S.P. 89/11, fol. 56. It seems likely that Charles II took steps to prohibit this practice, as Maynard requested. Much higher duties were levied on sugars imported via Lisbon than on those from Jamaica and the Barbados; so the English Customs, as well as the Portuguese, were defrauded by such double dealing
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• 1917 . Archivo Nobiliarcho Portuguez. Vol. 1 , 17 Lisbon Francisco de Brito Freyre's letter of 9 June 1662, relating his rebuff to Churchill was printed by Frazão de Vasconcelos, Vol., pp. Cf. also the documents on the Alexander, Antelope, Experiment, and other English ships in Brazil printed in Documentos Historicos, Vol. LXVI, pp. 194, 197–200; S.P. 89/5, fols. 71–2
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• Bahia, Caixa , 1 Francisco Barreto's letter of 23 February 1661 in AHC Lisbon, Cf. also Shillington and Chapman, Commercial Relations, p. 213. For the William and John, see Documentos Historicos, Vol. xx, p. 387, and for the London Merchant, ibid., Vol. XXI, pp. 132–4. In 1658, an English ship had helped to take a Dutch privateer off Bahia (Atlas da Camara, Vol. III, p. 381). Cf. also S.P. 89/5, fols. 50–53, 61–8, 71–2, 94; S.P. 89/6, fols. 100–102; S.P. 89/11, fols. 56 for the illegal behaviour of these four ships. Another vessel, the Culpepper, was lost in this service
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• 227 – 30 . Shillington and Chapman, loc. cit pp. Letter of Lourenço de Brito Correa, Provedor-Mor at Bahia, 13 May 1661, with its endorsement a year later (AHC Lisbon, Bahia, Caixa 1). The money which circulated in Brazil at this time was for the most part Spanish rials of eight which had been imported clandestinely from Peru via the Rio de la Plata region, but counter-stamped locally. For Anglo-Portuguese friction over the letter and spirit of the 1654 and 1661 treaties, cf. S.P. 89/11, fols. 56, 67–8, 128, 262, 283; S.P. 89/12, fol. 239; S.P. 89/15, fols. 11–12
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• 20 June 1661 . Documentos Historicos 20 June , 409 – 11 . Details of the extensive holdings of the Jesuits and the Benedictines in Brazil at this period are given in Francisco Barreto's interesting letter, Bahia, in Vol. iv, pp. Cf. also letter of 1 March 1662, in AHC Lisbon, Bahia, Caixa 1. For the competition between Brazilian and Barbados sugar in the English market at this time cf. Shillington and Chapman, loc. cit, p. 215, and S.P. 89/11 fols. 63–4
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• 21 July 1661 . Bahia, Caixa 21 July , 101 A contemporary copy of the edict of 20 May 1662 is in the papers of the Conselho Ultramarino, AHC Lisbon, 1. Cf. also Documentos Historicos, Vol. iv, p., for a previous enactment of, forbidding foreign vessels to make individual voyages without a special licence. The lengths to which the Crown would go to frustrate its own edicts previous to the ‘blanket’ prohibition of 1662, is amusingly evinced in a royal letter of 19 November 1661, to the Governor of Bahia (Documentos Historicos, Vol. LXVI, p. 188). In this missive, Barreto is told not to announce that the ship in question has received a licence for an individual return voyage, as in fact it had, but to send it home independently, on some trumped-up but likely-seeming excuse that it was carrying urgent dispatches
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• 1934 . Barlow's Journal of his life at sea in King's ships, East and West Indiamen and other merchantmen from 1659 to 1703 Vol. 1 , 76 – 91 . (ed. Basil Lubbock, 2 vols., London, Vol., pp., with a coloured plate of the Queen Catherine from one of Barlow's original ‘moulds’
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• 5 October 1949 . The Ahard 5 October , 351 – 3 . of 5 April 1663 and related documents are in the AHC Lisbon, Bahia, Caixa I, although the ship went to Rio and not to Bahia. It was printed by the present writer in the Brazilian newspaper Correo de Mania (Rio de Janeiro,. Abraham Jacob had sent another ship, the Experience, to Brazil in 1659/60, but her cargo of fish oil, flour, etc., valued at 40,000 crowns had been confiscated by the local authorities although he had paid 2500 crowns for a Royal licence at Lisbon. It may be compared with another Aivara de Licenca conceded to the similarly named English ship Royal Catherine for a voyage to Bahia, 23 January 1664, printed in Documentos Historicos, Vol. XXI, pp., this last-named ship being only licensed to make the round voyage in convoy of the Brazil fleets. Even contemporaries often confused the Queen Catherine with the Royal Catherine, particularly as both were engaged in the Portugal and Brazil trade. Cf. Sir Richard Fanshawe's letters in S.P. 89/6, fols. 28 and 62, where the Queen Catherine is miscalled Royal Catherine.
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• 1948 . Barlow's Journal 80 – 4 . I, pp. For Flecknoe's voyage to Rio, as described in his Relation of Ten Years Travels, cf. my article in the Hispanic-American Historical Review, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 501–2 (November, but, as stated in the footnote on p. 502 he made his voyage in 1648/9, and not in 1647/8, as I had tentatively assumed in the text. The proof of this is that he states elsewhere in his Relation, that he left Lisbon for Rio after receiving news of the battle of Lens, which was fought on the 20 August 1648. Cf. my article ‘Three Englishmen in colonial Brazil, 1588–1664’ on pp. 13–16 of the Bulletin of the Sociedade Brazileira de Cultura Inglesa (Rio de Janeiro, November, 1949), Vol. IV, no. 3
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• Barlow's Journal 84 – 5 . I, pp. It is a pity that neither Barlow nor the Portuguese sources which are available to me give the tonnage of the Padre Eterno, which it would be interesting to compare with that of such vessels as the English Sovereign of the Seas (1500), the French Saint-Philippe (1500), and the Spanish Manila galleons, La Salvadora (2000) and San Marcos (1700)
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• Documentos Historicos 107 – 8 . V, pp., 136–7, 140, 144–5; and 173; Ibid. Vol. VI, pp. 35, 53 and 57; Vol. LXVI, pp. 172, 183, P.R.O., S.P. 89/5, fols. 50–3, 61–8, 71–2
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• 1835 . Vol. 1 , 77 – 84 . Cf. item no. 3 of the capitulos drawn up by the mutineers at Rio against Salvador (November 1660) as printed by Alberto Lamego, Terra Goytacd, Vol., pp.; Salvador's letter, 10 April 1661, in Brazil Historico, p. 160; the documents printed in J. Silva Lisboa, Annaes do Rio de Janeiro (Rio, Vol. IV, pp. 1–66; and the Revista Trimensal (Rio, 1841), Vol. III, pp. 28–30. For the popular Rio traditions of the origin of the name fonta do galeao, including the correct version and some bowdlerized stories, cf. Pizarro e Araujo, Memorias Historicos do Rio de Janeiro (ed. Rio. 1948) Vol. VI, p. 16, where, however, the Padre Eterno of 1659–63, is confused with the great galleon São João Baptista, employed in Charles V's expedition against Tunis in 1535. It may be added that Angra dos Reis and the Ilha Grande did become a shipbuilding centre a few years later
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• 1665 . Mercurio Portuguez 95 – 7 . (monthly periodical edited by Antonio de Sousa de Macedo) for November. For Salvador's sale of the Padre Eterno to the Crown, and the difficulty he experienced in collecting the money, cf. Documentos Historicos, Vol. XXIII, pp., and Vol. LXVI, pp. 359–60. The Padre Eterno served as Capitanea or flagship of the Brazil Fleet in 1669. Francis Parry, the English Minister at Lisbon, wrote in a letter dated 20 November 1669,—‘part of the Brazil fleet, consisting of about 40 sail went out, the Padre Eterno was Admiral and, Captain Wiltshire, who carried João de Silva de Sousa, who goes Governor of Rio de Janeiro, went Viceadmiral’ (S.P. 89/10)
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• Barlow . 217 loc. cit. Shillington and Chapman, op. cit.
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• The Alvará de Licenca 228 – 30 . or Crown licence for the Queen Catherine's Brazil voyage of 1665–6, is printed in Documentos Historicos, Vol. XXVII, pp. Cf. this with the Royal Catherine's licence in Documentos Historicos, Vol. XXI, pp. 351–3. Maynard, in a letter of 19 November 1664, states that Captain Arthur Young of the Queen Catherine was fined 2000 crowns for leaving Recife in advance of the homeward-bound convoy contrary to orders. This is clearly another mistake for the Royal Catherine.
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• 6 February 1657 . Alvard 6 February , 150 – 5 . There is a printed copy of the of 2/, revoking the clause exempting the Brazil Company's shareholders from confiscation of their property in British Museum Add. MSS., 20951. fols. 136–7. The Alvard of 9 May 1658, abolishing the Company's four monopolies is printed in Documentos Historicos, Vol. LXVI, pp. The nationalization of the Brazil Company in September 1664, is briefly described in the Mercurio Portuguez, for that month. The King's letter to the Viceroy of Brazil, anouncing the taking over of the Company by the Crown, is dated 17 January 1665 (Documentos Historicos, Vol. LXVI, pp. 324–5). No history of the Brazil Company exists, but the remarks of J. Lucio d'Azevedo, Historia dos Christãos Novos Portugueses (Lisbon, 1922), pp. 274–8, are worth reading in connexion with the changes made after the death of King João IV, and the disgrace of its most powerful advocate, Padre Antonio Vieira, S.J
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• Documentos Historicos 59 – 60 . For references to English ships which visited Brazil in 1665–70, cf. Vol. VII, pp.; Vol. XXII, p. 228; Vol. XXIII, pp. 207, 257, 418 and 463; Vol. XXIV, p. 91
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• 89 P.R.O., S.P./11 (1670–1), fols 63–4. The same document claims that there were then 60 sail of English vessels employed annually in the cod trade from Newfoundland to Portugal. Upwards of 80 ships laden with cloth, textiles, etc. sailed from London, Yarmouth and West Country ports to Portugal, apart from a number of smaller fishing vessels. This gives a total of between 150–200 ships employed in the trade between England, Portugal and her oversea possessions, in an average year
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