BRONZE-AGE STONE-ANCHORS FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

References

• Honor Frost . 1963 . 1 – 20 . ‘From Rope to Chain; on the development of the anchor in the Mediterranean’, Mariner's Mirror, 49 no. 1(pp.
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• Paolo Orsi . 1899 . ‘Pantelleria’, Monumenti Antichi, 9(figs. 13 and 14, pp. 449–540. I am indebted to Mr David Trump for his opinion that the capanna where these anchors were found would, by present standards, be dated to the second half of the second millennium B.C
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• Nour , M. , Osman , M. , Iskander , Z. and Moustafa , A. The Cheops Boats 30 Part 1 (Cairo, 1960). Z. Iskander and A. Badawy, Brief History of Ancient Egypt (Cairo, 1969), p. and fig. 7. B. Landstrom, Sailing Ships (London, 1969), pp. 8–9, figs. 7–9; these illustrations are very misleading: the hull is flat-bottomed, not round, and many other constructional details are inaccurate
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• Maurice Dunand . Fouilles de Byilos, vol. II, pl. XIV. Many references to this anchor, both in Fouilles dt Byilos and in my earlier articles (cf. footnote 1 and bibliography) are wrong, because, as M. Dunand has since explained to me, its cataloging was a ‘war casualty’. Discovered in 1939, it was photographed in situ in the above-mentioned pl. XIV, in front of the ‘Sacred enclosure’; it was then removed to the Beirut Archaeological Museum. After the war, when cataloguing was resumed at Byblos, it was given a misleading number that does not refer to its real provenance
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• Now in the Graeco-Roman Museum at Alexandria . (nos. 28811 and 28812); I am deeply grateful to the Director, Dr Youssof Hanna for showing me these anchors and allowing me to mention these facts
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• Frost , Honor . 1966 . ‘Stone-anchors as Indications of Early Trade Routes’, Section I; le carrefour Phénecien, Congrès International d'Histoire Martime (Beirut,; these Transactions are in publication
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• At the time of writing this temple has not been published by its excavator M. Dunand; I am, as always, deeply grateful to him for showing me these anchors, for personally communicating the information about them and for allowing me to quote it here
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• Pritchard , J. B. 1950 . Ancient Near Eastern Texts 25 – 9 . (Princeton, pp.
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• Frost , Honor . 1963 . Under the Mediterranean 38 (London, p., fig. 1, 3. This half-ton anchor was found in the Bay of Tabarja, Lebanon; since the author recorded it, it has been raised, and is now in the collection of Mr John Jolly, Beit Meri, Lebanon. I am indebted to the salvage expert Mr Edmondo Branco for reporting a group of anchors of comparable size on an offshore anchorage off Famagusta, Cyprus. Similar anchors have been reported off the Syrian coast (see the end of this article)
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• Schaeffer , C. F. A. Ugaritica 1 55 and fig. 45
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• Schaeffer , C. F. A. 1930 . ‘les fouilles de Minet el Beida et de Ras Shamra, 2ème campagne, printemps’, Syria, Tome XII(1931, and photograph of the anchor in situ, personally communicated by Prof. Schaeffer and marked: ‘stone-anchor in a sailor's tomb, in the port quarter, which also contained late Mycenaean 13th century pottery’
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• Karageorghis , V. 1967 . ‘Fouilles de Kition’, Bulletin de Correspondence Héllénique, Tome 19(pp. 315 ff
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• Since writing this, I learn that a 14th Century B.C. temple has been discovered, next to the workshops, containing over forty anchors; I am obliged to Dr V. Karageorghis for personally communicating this information
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• Karageorghis , V. 1968 . ‘Notes on a late Cypriot Settlement and Necropolis Site near Larnaca Salt Lake’, Report of the Department of Antiquities (Cyprus, pp. 1–3 and pl. 2
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• Nicolaou , N. and Catling , H. 1967 . ‘Composite Anchors in Late Bronze Age Cyprus’, Antiquity, XLII(pp. 225–9
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• Frost , Honor . ‘Some Cypriot Stone-anchors from Land Sites and from the Sea’, Bulletin of the Cyprus Antiquities Department (in publication)
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• I am deeply grateful to Dr Douglas Helm of the Department of Geology, University of London Goldsmith's College for having prepared slides of some 50 samples of stone and having examined them under the microscope for the presence of minerals and rocks sufficiently diagnostic to trace to a specific provenance
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• van Nouhuys , J. W. op. cit. 21
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• Morrison , J. S. and Williams , R. T. Greek Oared Ships 902–322 B.C. 66 and note 69
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• Morrison and Williams . op. cit. Fig. 1
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• Thureau-Dangin , F. 1931 . ‘Vocabulaires de Ras Shamra’, Syria XII(pp. 228 ff. lists 28 different categories of boat
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• Buzurg . Kitab ‘aja’ ib al-Hind, Le livre des merveilles de l'Inde van der Lith with Fr. tr. L. M. Devic (Leyden 1883–68)
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• I am obliged to Mr Bernard Morris for personally communicating a stone-anchor found in an Iron Age type enclosure at Kilvey Hill near a natural harbour at the mouth of the River Tawe, near Swansea
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