THE RISE AND FALL OF THE MONITOR 1862–1973

References

• 1962 . Dictator 34 – 35 . and others of her kind drew twenty feet and had difficulties attacking shore targets protected by shallow water: Robert MacBride, Civil War Ironclads, Philadelphia
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• MacBride . 1933 . 11 – 12 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . op. cit. pp.; James P. Baxter, The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship, pp. 181–195
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• Monitor: Ericsson's 987 tons, 173 ft × 41 ft 7 in × 11 ft 4 in, 14-inch freeboard (raft freeboard), 7 kts., two 11-inch smoothbores
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• Napier , J. 1904 . Life of Robert Napier of West Shandon 25 – 26 . Edinburgh/London:
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• Ib. 197 – 198 . Dimensions: 186 ft × 48 ft 6 in, with 4½ in of iron armour on a six-inch teak backing
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• Ib.
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• The peculiarity of Ericsson's original scheme was that it consisted of a submerged hull attached to a raft, a conception that contributed heavily to the poor seaworthiness and habitability of all Ericsson monitors
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• Keeler , F. W. 253 Aboard the Monitor: 2009, U.S. Naval Institute, 1964, pp. ff
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• 1862 . Monitor 119 – 213 . Even the original spent a good part of her brief career (from mid-May to the end of August up the James river: Keeler, op. cit.
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• Designed by G. W. Quintard over Ericsson's objections
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• This situation led the Confederate Navy to concoct schemes for putting monitors out of action by boarding them, jamming their turrets, and pouring water into the ventilation system
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• Ib. 62
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• 1895–1922 . Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion 136 U.S., Navy Department, 30 vols., Washington:, Series II, Vol. I, pp. and 199. Dimensions: 170 ft × 50 ft × 6 ft 6 in. Wooden hulls, iron armour; disposed of in 1873
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• 1882–1883 . Ib. 138 – 139 . T. Brassey, The British Navy, Longmans, Green, Vol. I, Pt. 1, p. 146
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• Dunderberg as designed, had two turrets on top of her casemate, thus anticipating the classic format of the pre-dreadnought battleship
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• MacBride . 70 – 71 . op. cit. pp. H.M.S. Hotspur, as launched and originally equipped, had a single fixed turret with four openings for her big gun. Keokuk had fixed turrets with multiple ports for her guns
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• 1862 . Monitor foundered at sea in. Weehawken was badly damaged in action and sank at anchor from leaks, 1863. Tecumseh was mined in 1864 at Mobile Bay. Osage, Milwaukee, and Patapsco were all ‘torpedoed’ in 1865
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• Knowles , J. A. Jr. 1973 . “ ‘Blue Water Monitor,’ ” . In USNIP Vol. 99 , 78 – 89 . (March, pp., and C. W. Schedel, ‘Comment and Discussion,’ USNIP (August, 1973), p. 96. The Anglo-French Kinburn batteries and later French variants, down to 1866, when the last one was completed, bear a certain resemblance to the Virginia type of casemate ram, even to the details that both types, in general, were underpowered and difficult to steer. For the French floating batteries, with illustrations and particulars, see De Balincourt and Vincent-Bréchignac, ‘La marine français d'hier. Les cuirassés. I. Les batteries flottantes,’ Revue Maritime (May, 1930), pp. 577–595. But the Crimean floating batteries, ‘pioneers of the ironclad fleet,’ were sophisticated compared with some other armoured batteries of the period, for example the Confederate battery at Charleston in 1861, illustrated in F. T. Miller, The Photographic History of the Civil War, New York: 1911–12, Vol. 6, p. 239: a dumb barge with a row of guns, protected on the side toward the enemy by a structure resembling a barn
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• Beskovnyi , L. G. 1973 . Russkaya Armiya i Flot v XIX veke 506 Moscow : Nauka . . These monitors were laid down before the voyage of Miantonomob, a point overlooked by Knowles
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• 1822–1886 . Russko-Turetskaya Voina 1877–1878 gg. 459 – 36 . New York : Appleton . The fleet, nominally under the command of Hobart Pasha a swashbuckler but no organizer, was not well exercised and most of the time swung at anchor off Constantinople, where it delighted the eye of the Sultan. See N. I. Belyaev, Moscow: Voenizdat, 1956, p. cp. Anton Springer, Der Russisch-Türkische Krieg 1877–1978 in Europa, 7 vols., Vienna: Carl Koneger, 1891–1893,1, pp. 35; and F. V. Greene, Report on the Russian Army and Its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877–1878, 1879, pp. 155–156
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• 1959–60 . Subsidies para a Histiria maritima do Brasil 14 – 19 . Brazil, Ministerio da Marinha, XVIII pp., with illustration. Bahia, not U.S.S. Miantonomob, appears to have been the first monitor to undertake a trans-Atlantic voyage, arriving at Guanabara ‘after a dreadful passage of thirty days.’
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• 1865 . 259 For the Paraguayan War, which began in, the Brazilians, according to H. W. Wilson, op. cit. I, p., assembled a fleet which included, in addition to other ships, ten single-and double-turret monitors and six single-turret river monitors, including Alagoas, Para, and Rio Grande.
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• Ib. 177 – 182 . Parkes calls Rupert ‘a Hotspur armed with a Glatton turret…' The illustration in Napier, op. cit., p. 158, clearly shows the ports in the fixed turret
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• 1883 . Miantonomob Terror were completed in, as were Monadnock and Amphitrite. Puritan was not completed until c. 1895
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• Ib. 216
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• Sokol , A. E. 1968 . The Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Navy 125 Annapolis, USNI, p., and Lega Navale Italiana, La marina italiana nella guerra mondiale 1951–1918, Roma: L.N.I., 1920, pp. 68–70 and 90.
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• 621 British LCG(L) 3's and 4's (Lenton and Colledge, op. cit. p.) and related U.S. types and the German Artillerie-Fahrprähme exhibited some monitor characteristics and played monitor roles during World War II
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• Winton , John . 1970 . The Forgotten Fleet 398 New York:
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• Sokol , A. Vol. 59 , 75 – 76 . op. cit. pp., 92–93. Cp. Olaf R. Wulff, Die öst.-ung. Donauflottille im Weltkrieg 2009, Vienna and Leipzig: Verlag W. Braumüller, 1934, and E. Glaise von Horstenau and R. Kiszling, österreicb-Ungarns Letzter Krieg, 7 vols., Vienna: Verlag Der Militärwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, 1930–38, esp. Vols. I–III and V–VII. Cp. F. Pratt, ‘The Inland Navy of Austria,’ USNIP, Vol., N0. 7 (September 1933), pp. 1269–1275
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• 1973 . Monitor American newspapers in mid-July reported that the wreck of U.S.S. had been discovered thirty-five fathoms deep off the eastern side of Hatteras Island, North Carolina
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