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Original Articles

INNOVATION AND THE MID-VICTORIAN ROYAL NAVY: THE CASE OF THE WHITEHEAD TORPEDO

Pages 447-455 | Published online: 22 Mar 2013

References

  • 1988 . Innovation and the Arms Race: How the United States and the Soviet Union Develop New Military Technologies Ithaca : Cornell University Press . For example, Matthew Evangelista, (Stephen Peter Rosen, Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military (, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1991) and Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett (eds), Military Innovation in the Interwar Period (, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996)
  • Rosen . Winning the Next War 2
  • 1997 . British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866–1880 Stanford , Ca : Stanford University Press . United Service Gazette, 4 January 1868 (London), 4. For further contemporary criticism of the conservatism of the mid-Victorian Admiralty see John F. Beeler, (l., 46
  • Rodger , N. A. M. 1975 . ‘The Dark Ages of the Admiralty, 1869–85. Part I: “Business Methods”, 1869–74’, MM, 61 331
  • Brown , David K. 1992 . “ ‘The Era of Uncertainty, 1863–1878’ in Robert Gardiner (ed.) ” . In Steam, Steel and Shellfire London (93
  • Lambert , Andrew . “ introduction to Gardiner (ed.) ” . In Steam, Steel and Shellfire 7
  • 1977 . Technical Change and British Naval Policy London : Hodder & Stoughton . The most complete account of the introduction and operational deployment of the Whitehead torpedo by the Royal Navy is provided by Alan Cowpe, ‘The Royal Navy and the Whitehead torpedo’ in B. Ranft (ed.), (23–36. Cowpe, however, devotes just three paragraphs to the events leading to the Royal Navy's acquisition of the torpedo in 1871. Some background is also provided by Ruddock F. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone (, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973). Elsewhere the focus has been more on the development of the delivery systems—torpedo boats and submarines—than on the torpedo itself
  • 3 August 1870 . 3 August , PRO, Adm. 116/135, London. Admiralty to Captain William Arthur
  • Sleeman , C. W. Torpedoes and Torpdeo Warfare (Portsmouth, 1889), 174. See also Geoff Kirby, ‘Navies in Transition. A History of the Torpedo—The Early Days’, Journal of the Royal Navy Scientific Service, vol.27 no. 1. A copy of this article is available on the worldwide web at http://www.btinternet.com/∼philipr/torps.htm (19 February 2002)
  • 4 January 1867 . 4 January , PRO, Adm. 116/135, London. Letter by C. J. Hill
  • 25 August 1868 . 25 August , PRO Adm. 116/135. Vice Admiral Lord Clarence Paget, C-in-C Mediterranean Fleet to Admiralty
  • PRO Adm 1/6049. Paget journal.
  • 25 August 1868 . 25 August , PRO Adm. 116/135. Paget to Admiralty
  • 4 October 1868 . 4 October , PRO Adm. 116/135. Admiralty to Paget
  • 25 August 1868 . 25 August , PRO Adm. 116/135. Paget to Admiralty
  • 17 September 1868 . 17 September , PRO Adm. 116/135. Key minute
  • 5 November 1868 . 5 November , PRO Adm. 116/135. Director of Naval Ordnance (Key) to Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, The emphasis is Key's
  • 12 November 1868 . 12 November , PRO Adm. 116/135. Key to Treasury
  • Sandler , Stanley . 1979 . The Emergence of the Modern Capital Ship 89 – 91 . London : Associated University Presses .
  • PRO Adm. 116/135. Admiralty to Robert Whitehead, 23 November 1868.
  • Beeler . British Naval Policy 59
  • 9 December 1875 . 9 December , Commander J. A. Fisher to Admiral Geoffrey Phipps Hornby, Phipps Hornby Papers, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, Phi/121a
  • 21 August 1869 . 21 August , PRO Adm. 1/6088. Report of Commander J. A. Fisher
  • Mackay . Fisher of Kilverstone 63
  • 1901–1911 . Dictionary of National Biography: Twentieth Century Supplement 293
  • 21 July 1869 . 21 July , PRO Adm. 116/135. Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, C-in-C Mediterranean Fleet to Admiralty
  • 19 May 1869 . 19 May , PRO Adm. 116/135. Captain Hore to Admiralty
  • Ropp , Theodore . The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Politics 2009 (Annapolis, 1987), 112
  • 24 July 1869 . 24 July , PRO Adm. 116/135. Robert Whitehead to Admiralty
  • 6 September 1869 . The Times 6 September ,
  • PRO Adm. 116/135. Report of the Committee appointed by Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Milne on the Whitehead Experiments, 29 September 1869.
  • Ibid.
  • 1 October 1869 . 1 October , PRO Adm. 116/135. Director of Naval Ordnance (Hood) to First Naval Lord (Vice Admiral Sir Sidney Dacres)
  • 24 January 1870 . 24 January , PRO Adm. 116/135. Treasury to Admiralty
  • Gray , Edwyn . 1975 . The Devil's Device: The Story of Robert Whitehead, Inventor of the Torpedo London : ice . (Seeley, Serv 19
  • 28 October 1870 . Report of the Committee on Whitehead torpedoes 28 October , PRO Adm. 116/158
  • 11 June 1871 . 11 June , PRO Adm. 116/146. Agreement with the firm of Mess. Luppis and Whitehead
  • Gray . The Devil's Device 91
  • British Naval Policy 195 For Britain's assessment of its naval rivals see Beeler
  • Report of the Committee on Whitehead torpedoes. PRO Adm. 116/158
  • 24 November 1871 . Engineering 24 November , 340
  • Rosen . Winning the Next War 40
  • 10 February 1876 . 10 February , Fisher to Phipps Hornby, Phipps Hornby Papers, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, Phi/121a
  • 1876 . “ See PRO Adm. 116/163 ” . In Admiralty Torpedo Committee Report, 1876. The final report of this committee was completed in

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