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Original Articles

THE ORIGINS, CONDUCT AND OUTCOME OF THE BRITISH NAVAL EXERCISES OF 1885

Pages 421-435 | Published online: 22 Mar 2013

References

  • 15 December 1928 . 15 December , National Archives, Public Record Office (hereafter NA PRO) Adm. 1/8724/93, Commander King Hall, The Evolution of the Cruiser
  • Partridge , M. S. May 1989 . May , 119 – 36 . ‘The Royal Navy and the End of the Close Blockade, 1885–1905: A Revolution in Naval Strategy?’, MM, vol.75 no, 2
  • Lambert , Andrew . 1991 . The Last Sailing Battlefleet 54 – 5 . London
  • Harris , Captain R. H. 27 April 1883 . “ ‘Maritime Power and its Probable Application in War’ ” . In Proceedings of the Royal United Services Institute 27 April ,
  • 11 February 1881 . Proceedings of the Royal United Services Institute 11 February , Captain Samuel Long ‘A Study of the Tactics of Naval Blockade as Affected by Modern Vessels’
  • Lambert , Andrew D. 1995 . “ ‘The Royal Navy, 1856–1914: Deterrence and the Strategy of World Power’, in Keith Neilson and Elizabeth Jane Errington ” . In Navies and Global Defence: Theories and Strategy Westport
  • August 1873 . Monarch August , NA PRO Adm. 116/158 and 163, experiments with the, Portsmouth, July and
  • Allen , Matthew . 1999 . ‘The British Mediterranean Squadron in the Great Eastern Crisis 1876–1879’ . MM , 85 February : 53 – 67 . no. 1
  • Sleeman , C. W. 1880 . “ Late Lieutenant RN ” . In Torpedoes and Torpedo Warfare 180 Cut 59–9 of NA PRO Adm. 12/1060 (Digest 1880) indicates that this book had official approval
  • 1923 . Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson London Admiral Sir Edward Bradford (56
  • July 1879 . July , NA PRO Adm. 1/6511, Proposed Mining Experiments at Portsmouth, Request from the War Office for Naval Assistance, These were more wide ranging than their title suggests
  • 1884 . Ibid Adm. 189/4, report in Annual Report of the Torpedo School for 1884 contains a paper on Berehaven exercises in Appendix A
  • July 1884 . Ibid July , Adm. 1/6704, file on Channel Squadron, Adm. 189/4 in Annual Report of the Torpedo School for 1884 contains a Report on Experimental Trials and Exercises with First and Second Class Torpedo Boats at Portland (Appendix B)—the title is misleading as these took place at sea
  • 4 August 1884 . Ibid 4 August , Adm 189/4, Report by the Duke of Edinburgh, Vice Admiral Commanding the Channel Squadron
  • 15 March 1883 . Proceedings of the Institution of Naval Architects. 15 March , ‘Seagoing Torpedo Boats’, lecture by Monsieur J. A. Normand
  • NA PRO Adm. 116/53, Report of the Admiralty Torpedo Committee.
  • 24 September 1884 . Ibid 24 September , Adm. 231/5, Remarks on a Naval Campaign, Foreign Intelligence Committee no. 51
  • 14 March 1885 . Ibid 14 March , Adm. 231/6, General Outline of Possible Naval Operations Against Russia, Foreign Intelligence Committee no. 64
  • Ibid Adm. 1/8869, Rough Draft by Cooper Key, Programme of Operations in the Event of War with Russia
  • For a comprehensive overview of British naval preparation for war with Russia at this time it is necessary to supplement the material in NA PRO Adm. 231/6 with the supporting material now with files of a later date in Adm. 1/8869.
  • 1896 . Admiral of the Fleet Sir Geoffrey Phipps Hornby London Hornby to Mrs Stopford, 1 May 1885, in Mrs Fred. Egerton, (348
  • 24 May 1885 . 24 May , National Maritime Museum (hereafter NMM) PHI 120 B (4), Colonel Crease to Hornby
  • 3 May 1885 . “ in Egerton ” . In Admiral of the Fleet 3 May , 349 Hornby Diary entry for
  • NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, draft stamped 21 May as Board Minute, final 23 May, in file of orders to the Particular Service Squadron.
  • 31 July 1885 . 31 July , NMM PHI 120 B (4), Northbrook to Hornby, 23 May and
  • 4 June 1885 . Ibid 4 June , Jeffreys to Hornby
  • 23 July 1885 . 23 July , NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, Hornby to Admiralty, no. 151, covering letter to Notes by Captain Fisher on the Manoeuvres and Proceedings of the Particular Service Squadron in the printed report of exercises
  • 23 July 1885 . Ibid 23 July , Adm. 1/6761, Hornby to Admiralty, no. 149, General Report of the Manoeuvres and Operations of the Squadron, para. 3, in printed report. In 1886 a committee was appointed to review the signal book, Adm. 116/59
  • Sir , G. and Hornby , Phipps . 1885 . Squadrons of Exercise in the British Navy (For the use of Her Majesty's Officers Only) (Griffin and Co., Portsmouth
  • 1885 . The Gun, Ram and Torpedo This distinction can also be found in John Laughton's essay on Naval Tactics republished at this time in Commander Gerard U. Noel, 2nd edn
  • NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, the Orders to Dale's cruiser squadron are in file of orders to the Particular Service Squadron.
  • 23 July 1885 . Ibid 23 July , Adm. 1/6761, Captain A. T. Dale to Hornby, 4 July 1884, final para., enclosure no. 1, in Hornby to Admiralty, no. 149
  • Ibid Adm. 1/6761, para. 3 of the programme set out in his letter of 31 May 1885 in file of orders to the Particular Service Squadron
  • 23 July 1885 . 23 July , Entry for 1 July 1885 in Fisher's journal of proceedings, enclosure 1b of Hornby to Admiralty, no. 151
  • NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, Captain A. T. Dale to Hornby, 4 July 1884, enclosure to Hornby to Admiralty, no. 149, 23 July 1885, General Report of Manoeuvres and Operations of the Particular Service Squadron.
  • 23 July 1885 . Ibid 23 July , Adm. 1/6761, para. 17 of Hornby to Admiralty, no. 150, Report of the Various Points Defined by Their Lordships as the Object of the Cruise of the Squadron, printed report
  • Brown , D. K. 1997 . Warrior to Dreadnought Warship Development 1860–1905 London See (85. Alan Cowpe, ‘The Royal Navy and the Whitehead Torpedo’, in Bryan Ranft, Technical Change and British Naval Policy 1860–1939 (London, 1979), 23–36, does recognise that the base being attacked in the Berehaven exercises represented a British temporary base more than a foreign harbour
  • 20 June 1885 . 20 June , NMM HTN 105, F. T. Hamilton, Journal of the Particular Service Squadron, 8 June 1885 to 22 June 1885, entries for Saturday and 4 July. All the material in this file of working notes is a valuable supplement to the material retained at the NA PRO
  • 23 July 1885 . 23 July , NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, Fisher Narrative of Proceedings entry for 12 June 1885, enclosure 1b of Hornby to Admiralty, no. 151, printed report
  • 23 July 1885 . Ibid 23 July , Adm. 1/6761, para. of Hornby to Admiralty, no. 150, Report of the Various Points Defined by Their Lordships as the Object of the Cruise of the Squadron, printed report
  • Ibid Adm. 116/169, Report of the Commander in Chief Mediterranean, 20 December 1876
  • Ibid Adm. 1/6629 part 2, Observations of Captain of HMS Cambridge, 24 September 1880. Adm. 12/1060 says that the Hecla made experiments with nets in the Mediterranean in 1880
  • Ibid Adm. 116/275
  • 1 June 1885 . 1 June , NMM PHI 120b (4), Dale to Hornby
  • 31 May 1885 . 31 May , NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, Programme of Exercises Proposed to be Carried Out in the Squadron Cruising on Particular Service In file of Orders to the Particular Service Squadron
  • Thursfield , James R. “ ‘The Naval Manoeuvres and Their Lessons’ ” . In Quarterly Review 51 – 91 . April 1892, reprinted in Thursfield and Clarke, The Navy and the Nation (London, 1897)
  • 23 July 1885 . 23 July , NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, Hornby to Admiralty, 149, General Report of the Manoeuvres and Operations of the Particular Service Squadron, paras 28–31, printed report
  • 1885 . “ (Narrative of Hornby's proceedings compiled from a paper in the ” . In Austrian Review British Evolutionary Squadron published monthly in Pola), Brassey's Naval Annual (1886)
  • NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, Notes by Captain Fisher on the Manoeuvres and Proceedings of the Particular Service Squadron, submitted by Hornby 23 July 1885, no. 151, printed report.
  • 26 July 1885 . Ibid 26 July , Adm. 1/6761, Hood, Note that Hood's comments are to be found in the file containing the rough version of the official report of proceedings. They were not included in the printed version distributed to the fleet
  • 1876 . Proceedings of the Institution of Naval Architects ‘Ships of War’, lecture by N. Barnaby, 6 April 1876
  • 19 February 1886 . Proceedings of the Royal United Services Institution 19 February , Comments of Sir Thomas Brassey, after a lecture on Naval Tactics by Rear Admiral Edmund Freemantle. Note these comments were directed to Cooper Key who chaired the meeting
  • Colomb , Admiral P. H. 1898 . Memoirs of Sir Astley Cooper Key London Vice (435
  • 24 September 1884 . 24 September , NA PRO Adm. 231/5, W. H. Hall, Remarks on a Naval Campaign, Foreign Intelligence Committee no. 51
  • 1886 . Naval Annual 82 – 3 . Sir Thomas Brassey ‘Recent Naval Administration’ in his
  • January 1886 . The Nineteenth Century January , 102 – 26 . Sir Thomas Brassey ‘The Administration of the Navy 1880–1885’
  • Manning , Frederick . 1923 . The Life of Sir William White 189
  • 16 January 1886 . 16 January , NA PRO Adm. 1/6761, White's comment of interleaved in printed report of exercises
  • Lyon , David J. 1988 . “ ‘The Royal Navy and the Torpedo’ ” . In Marine et Technique au XIXe Siècle 527 – 51 . Paris
  • October 1885 . The Nineteenth Century October , Rear Admiral Edmund Fremantle, ‘Ironclad and Torpedo Flotillas’, 656–73 and in lecture on naval tactics at the Royal United Services Institute, 19 February 1886
  • December 1887 . December , NA PRO Adm. 1/6873 and final copy in Adm. 231/12, proof copy of NID 149, Comparison of Fleets of England, France and Russia
  • 1889 . Ibid Adm. 1/6926A and C5632, Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons 759
  • August 1886 . Ibid August , Adm. 1/6812, Report on the Operations carried out by the Channel Squadron at Berehaven, July and
  • 1887 . Ibid Adm. 1/6911, Minute, 8 March 1888, in file on Mediterranean Squadron Operations
  • 29 December 1887 . Ibid 29 December , Adm. 6911, the importance of observation mines is stressed by the Duke of Edinburgh in his comments on these recent manoeuvres of his Mediterranean Squadron which form a small part of a letter on the broader theme of the defence of Malta, dated
  • 1913 . From Naval Cadet to Admiral London Sir Robert Hastings Harris (177
  • 15 June 1887 . 15 June , Plans of Moorings Protected by Netting Against Torpedo Attack to be Used More Especially by a Blockading Squadron, lecture by Staff Commander Dixon, Royal United Services Institute
  • Admiral , C. C. 1916 . “ Penrose Fitzgerald ” . In From Sail to Steam London (173

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