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Original Articles

COASTAL SHIPPING IN CUMBERLAND, 1680–1740

Pages 270-281 | Published online: 22 Mar 2013

References

  • 1998 . Sailors: English merchant seamen 1650–1775 London I am grateful for the comments of an anonymous referee. P. Earle, M. Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant seamen, pirates and the Anglo-American maritime world 1700–1750 (Cambridge, 1987); R. Davis, The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1962)
  • Willan , T. S. 1938 . The English Coasting Trade 1600–1750 Manchester J. Armstrong, ‘The significance of Coastal Shipping in British Domestic Transport 1550–1830’, International Journal of Maritime History, III (1991), 63–94; J. Chartres, ‘Trade and Shipping in the Port of London: Wiggins Key in the later seventeenth century’, Journal of Transport History, 3rd ser., 1 (1980), 29–47; M. Matthews, ‘Shipping and Local Enterprise in the early Eighteenth Century: Evidence from south-west Wales’, Journal of Transport History, 3rd ser., 24 (2003), 139–53
  • Andrews , J. H. 1956 . “ ‘Two Problems in the Interpretation of the Port Books’ ” . In Economic History Review 2nd ser., IX 120; Willan, Coasting Trade, 2
  • The National Archives, Kew (hereafter NA), E190/1448/6 inwards, 23 May 1688; E190/1449/11 inwards, 24 Jan. 1708; E190/1456/12 inwards, 3 Oct. 1720
  • Cumberland Record Office Carlisle (hereafter CRO), D/Lons/W3/83
  • Exchequer Port Books for late seventeenth-century Whitehaven survive only for 1688. Most of the details given are derived from two notebooks laid out in the same way and giving the same type of information. These were possibly compiled as part of the defence in a case brought by the Customs Commissioners against the Collector of Whitehaven. As money was not generally due on coastal traffic, the information is likely to be fairly reliable. CRO, D/Hud/6/1 covers 1678–83, D/Hud/1/11 covers 1690–98
  • CRO, D/Hud/1/11
  • 15 May 1720 . 15 May , CRO, D/Lons/W2/1/63,. The size of the chaldron varied according to local custom, that of London weighing 25.5cwt, that of Newcastle 53cwt
  • Beckett , J. V. 1981 . Coal and Tobacco: The Lowthers and the economic development of West Cumberland 1660–1760 Edited by: Winstanley , M. 46 Cambridge 231–2; P. Hudson, ‘Mining the Lonsdale Coals’ in Rural Industries of the Lune Valley (Lancaster, 2000), 70. Coal tonnages derived from the Port Books are not precise. The first ton went duty-free and the Customs Officers could be persuaded to ignore much of the rest. Although most goods moving coastwise went duty-free, there was a duty on water-borne coals, unless moving within the Port boundaries. CRO, D/Lons/W2/1/54, 9. Aug. 1706; NA, Cust 82/1 Collector to Board, 24 June 1721
  • NA, E190/1448/7; Scottish Record Office, E72/6/12
  • Truckell , A. 2001 . “ ‘Some 17th Century Custom and Excise Records for Dumfries and Kirkcudbright’ ” . In Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 3rd ser., LXXV 173–6
  • NA, E190/1450/19,/1451/4
  • Chartres . ‘Trade and Shipping in the Port of London’, 38
  • Tyson , B. 1985 . ‘Some Harbour Works in West Cumberland before 1710’ . Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society , 29 , 173–208
  • Schofield , M. 1946 . ‘Outlines of an Economic History of Lancaster’ . Transactions of the Lancaster Historical Association , 1 , 15–16; CRO, D/Lons/L Box 811, Plan of the River Eden no. 312; Armstrong, ‘Significance of Coastal Shipping’, 86
  • Willan . Coasting Trade 13 – 17 .
  • Coal and Tobacco CRO, D/Lons/W Whitehaven Town/87; Beckett, 83
  • CRO, D/Lons/W3/83. On a number of occasions ships are shown entering port without apparently having previously left it. Dues were paid only upon entry. Where dates of both entry and clearance are given, there is no reason to suppose these to be inaccurate
  • 1706 . Lancashire Record Office (LRO), WRWC Lawrence Bolton, Whitehaven
  • Cumberland Probate records from south of the River Derwent belong to the Archdeaconry of Richmond and are held in LRO, WRWC. Sample size used was 148
  • LRO, WRWC James Millam, Whitehaven 1699; CRO, D/Lons/W1/33 ff.192–4
  • LRO, WRWC Edward Sargent, Workington 1699; WRWC Lawrence Bolton, Whitehaven 1706; WRWC David Fleming, Whitehaven 1712
  • 1696 . LRO, WRWC Thomas Monk, Whitehaven
  • Port Books included the name of the merchant. Where another man entered goods for him the fact was recorded. Therefore, when the Book shows the master as merchant, the goods can be assumed to be his
  • British Library, Add. MS 11255
  • 24 May 1707 . 24 May , NA, E190/1449/2 outwards, 10 and 18 Jan. 1707; inwards
  • Truckell , A. E. 1955 . “ ‘Early Shipping References in the Dumfries Burgh Records’ ” . In Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 3rd ser., XXXIII 173
  • Woodward , D. 1977 . ‘Ships, Masters and Shipowners of the Wirral, 1550–1650’ . Mariner's Mirror , 63 , 243
  • Robinson , M. J. 1998 . ‘The Linen Industry of North-West England 1660–1830’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Lancaster, 281
  • Winchester , A. J.L. 2005 . “ ‘Regional Identity in the Lake Counties: Land Tenure and the Cumbrian Landscape’ ” . In Northern History XLII 30–33, 40
  • Probate records from north of the Derwent belong to the Diocese of Carlisle and are held at CRO. CRO, W John Holleday, Silloth 1716; Joseph Holliday, Silloth 1727. A sample of 70 inventories was used in the preparation of this article
  • 1691 . NA, E190/1448/7 covers 1687;/1448/10 covers

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