References
- 1989 . Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed. (Oxford, s.v. tar.
- Henderson , Ernest F. , ed. 1896 . Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages ‘Laws of Richard I (Coeur de Lion) Concerning crusaders who were to Go by Sea. 1189 A.D.’, in and trans. (london
- Stubbs , w. 1868–71 . “ Roger of hoveden ” . In Chronica magistri Rogeri de Houedene london III.36
- Johnston , R. C. 1961 . The Crusade and Death of Richard I London par. 7
- Bartlett , R. J. 1994 . ‘Symbolic Meanings of Hair in the Middle Ages’ . Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , 6 :4 43–60
- de Pontfarcy , Y. 1995 . “ Marie de France ” . In L'Espurgatoire seint Patriz Louvain vv. 1097–98
- Hunt , A. , ed. 1997 . Pernez oile comun e sui de mutun oelement une livere, e de la peiz neire que est apelépeiz navale dimi livere’ ‘(‘Take a pound of ordinary oil and liquified mutton fat, and half a pound of the black pitch that is called naval pitch’); Anglo-Norman Medicine, 2 vols, (Cambridge, 1994 and, I.48. See the general discussion of tar and pitch in W. Sayers, ‘Dante's Venetian Shipyard Scene (Inf. 21), Barratry, and Maritime Law’, Quaderni d'Italianistica, 22 (2001), 57–79
- 1970 . Ursprung und Wurzeln der Rôles d'Oléron See K.F. Krieger, (Köln,; G. Peyronnet, ‘Un document capital dans l'histoire du droit maritime: les rôles d'Oléron, XII–XVII siècles’, Sources [Paris], 8 (1986), 3–10; and J. Shephard, ‘Les origines des Rôles d'Oléron’, MA thesis (Université de Poitiers, 1983)
- It must be acknowledged that the magpie's head is entirely black and that the white plumage appears on its breast and sides so that a shaven human head covered in tar and feathers would not exactly replicate the appearance of the bird
- 1870 . Notes and Queries , 4th series ‘Vebna’ [penname], ‘Tarring and Feathering’, 5 116
- In the second novella of the fourth day, Frate Alberto is so punished for having impersonated the archangel Gabriel, another instance of contrapaso since angels are winged
- 1766 . William and Mary Quarterly Information from a letter by Captain William Smith to J. Morgan, Apr 3, reproduced in in 1st Ser., 21 (1913), 167
References
- Piracy in the Ancient World Studies on piracy in the ancient world may be found in by H. A. Ormerod, originally published in 1924 but still in print and an excellent overview, and Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World by Philip de Souza, CUP 2002
- Pulak , C. 1998 . ‘The Uluburun Shipwreck: an Overview’ . International Journal of Nautical Archaeology , 27 :3, 188–224
- Bass , G. F. 1967 . “ ‘Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck’ ” . In Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 57 part 8 99
- Joncheray , J. P. 1975 . “ ‘L'épave grecque, ou étrusque de Bon Porté (St Tropez)’ ” . In Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique V
- Bound , M. 1991 . “ ‘A Wreck of the Archaic Period off the Tuscan Island of Giglio. An Account of its Discovery and Excavation: a Review of the Main Finds’ ” . In ENALIA supplement 1–2, Athens, 21–5
- Katzev , M. L. 1986 . “ ‘Kyrenia II. Research on an Ancient Shipwreck Comes Full Circle in a Full Scale Representation’ ” . In INA Newsletter 13.3 4–5; A.J. Parker, Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and Roman Provinces, (Oxford, 1992), 392–3, no. 1, 058
- Parker . Ancient Shipwrecks 231–2, no. 563
- Ibid. , 451 no. 1230
- Joncheray , J. P. “ ‘L'épave de la Chrétienne’ ” . In Premier Supplément aux Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique (1975), 99; Parker, Ancient Shipwrecks, 141, no. 304
- Parker . Ancient Shipwrecks , 359 no. 960
- Bound . ‘A Wreck of the Archaic Period off the Tuscan Island of Giglio’, 21–5
- Will , E. L. 1980 . ‘The Spargi Wreck: a Reconsideration’ . AJA , 88 : 1984 , 264; A.J. Parker, ‘The Preservation of Ships and Artefacts in Ancient Mediterranean Wreck Sites’, Progress in underwater science 5, 41–70
- Parker . ‘Preservation of Ships and Artefacts in Ancient Mediterranean Wreck Sites’, 41–70, Parker . Ancient Shipwrecks , 451 , no. 1230
- Fiori , P. and Joncheray , J. P. 1973 . ‘Mobilier Métallique (outils, armes, pièces d'agreement) provenant de fouilles sous-marines’ . Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique , 2 , 73–94
- Izquierdo , P. and Solias , J. M. 1991 . “ ‘Dos cascos de bronze de tipologia etrusca procedents d'un derelicte romà trobat a l'ancoratge de Les Sorres (Gavà, Baie Llobregat)’ ” . In La presencia de material etrusco en la Península Ibérica Edited by: Remesal , J. and Musso , O. Barcelona (601–14
- History of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides, 1.4–5
- Homer . The Odyssey. 3.1–74
- Ibid. 9.252–5
- Thucydides . History of the Peloponnesian War 1.4, 1.5, 1.13, 2.32
- Ibid. 1.13
- Demosthenes . On the Halonnesus 14
- Demosthenes . On the Crown 73 On the Chersonese, 24, Against Polycles, 20
- Thucydides . History of the Peloponnesian War 4.53
- Ibid. 2.32
- Cimon Plutarch, 8.3
- Strabo . Geography 10.4.9; 14.5.2
- Ibid. 14.1.32, (C 644)
- 1949 . Against Callipus , Demosthenes, 5, trs N.W. and N.J. DeWitt, Loeb edn (London
- 1949 . Against Nicostratos Demosthenes, 6–8, trs N.W. and N.J. DeWitt, Loeb edn (London
- 1939 . Against Lacritus , Demosthenes, 11, trs. A.T. Murray, Loeb edn (London
- Ephesians xenophon of Ephesus, 1.13–14
- Tatius , Achilles . The Adventures of Leucippe and Clitophon 3.3.3
References
- The name is that of Mexico's first president, Guadalupe Victoria (1786–1843), and is given in Cammell Laird's Dimensions and Particulars of Vessels, wirral Archives, Birkenhead, (Hereafter, Laird's Dimensions) and is also the one used in various documents in Spanish. She is sometimes referred to as Guadaloupe, but this is the name of the French island group
- Laird's Dimensions, vessel nos. 27 and 28
- Bernard , W. D. 1844 . Narrative of the voyages and services of the Nemesis 2 vols, (London, is the definitive account of her history during the First Opium War, 1842. An account of some of the actions is given in vol. VI of W.L. Clowes History of the Royal Navy, (London, 1903). The best accounts of her and Phlegethon‘s later actions against pirates will be found in O. Rutter, Pirate Wind, Tales of the Sea Robbers of Malaya (London, 1930), and G.E. Fox, British Admirals and Chinese Pirates, 1832–1869, (London, 1940)
- Laird's Dimensions, vessel no. 31
- Laird's Dimensions, vessel nos 34, 35 and 36
- Laird's Dimensions, vessel no. 42
- Laird , John . 1849 . The Times letter to ‘Iron Steamers of War’, April 12
- Laird's Dimensions, vessel no. 51
- The Peel government that ordered this and four other iron frigates lost office in 1846, and was replaced by a government under Lord Russell. They uncritically accepted the unreliable tests that had been carried out by two army gunners, and banned iron hulls for government service as their reports seemed to offer the opportunity for welcome economies. This included mail boats as well as warships, and Cunard, among others, found it increasingly difficult to compete on the mail routes. The ban was eventually lifted in 1852, Cunard hastening to re-equip with iron hulls immediately. The fatal weakness of wooden ships to modern weapons was clearly demonstrated in the Crimean war of 1853–5, and the armoured ironclad rapidly became the desired capital ship
- Christopher Addison , A. 1902 . The Story of the Birkenhead London * (John Laird in his letter to The Times, ‘Iron Steamers’, criticised these changes in 1849, four years before her wreck. The enquiries into her wreck did not call him as a witness
- Admiral Sir George Cockburn had charge of the North American squadron 1832–6. He heartily disliked the Americans and the dislike was mutual, as he had preyed on the American coast with great success in the war of 1812. Included in his exploits was the burning of Washington. Although he technically held no high office at the time under discussion, he had much influence
- Barcos Historicos de la Armada de Mexico Mexican Secretaria de Marina, Armada de Mexico, (Mexico City), presents a 450-word article about the ship
- 1968 . The Texas Navy Washington The US Naval History Division's 1968 document, (perpetuates this mistake. An ironclad is specifically a ship protected by heavy iron armour, and the hull material can be either wood (as in the case of La Gloire) or iron (as in the case of HMS Warrior). Guadalupe was thin-skinned
- The Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819 [59 George III, cap 69] forbade the arming in British waters of warships built for a foreign nation that was at war. The guns travelled to Mexico separately, and were installed on arrival, avoiding infringement of the act. This was a common ploy by British shipbuilders during the nineteenth century
- Barcos Historicos. Secretaria de Marina
- The Mexican documents refer to him as Charwood
- Laird's Dimensions, vessel no. 4
- Chesney , F. R. 1868 . Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition, 1835–7 New York 1, 251–261, and E.P. Charlewood, Passages from the Life of a Naval Officer,(Manchester, 1869), 34–7. The latter was never officially published but written for his family but a copy resides in the Manchester libraries
- From the Mexican point of view, the desire of Texas to be independent was just another case of a rebellious province. Santa Anna's policy at this time can be summed up as ‘Yucatan first, then we will settle the matter of Texas’. However, it must not be overlooked that Mexico had invited settlers from the USA into this unpopulated land, making land grants to them at very low cost, so the position was at least partly of their own making. Santa Anna (1794–1876) was President of Mexico on seven non-consecutive occasions over a period of twenty-two years
- Montezuma The Secretaria de Marina text suggests that objections to the iron hull raised in Britain caused to be built of wood, although there are texts stating she was iron. It has also been suggested that she was built by Laird, but this is untrue, and her builders have not been identified
- Texas was a weak nation financially. In a bimetal world where gold and silver were the effective currency, she had little access to either. Lamar had an arrangement with Yucatan whereby Texan ships would guard against the Armada de Mexico blockading its shores, and in return Yucatan paid Texas much-needed silver to the tune of $8,000 per month. Houston had ended this arrangement
- The Texas Navy US Naval History Division
- Royal Navy tests were shortly to demonstrate that even the thinnest iron hulls broke up 32-pounder shell without it exploding, whereas round shot and even grape penetrated thin iron hulls. This will be discussed later
- Moore , James . 1843 . Minutes of the First Action with the Mexican Squadron at the Battle of Campeche 30 April
- Ibid. Moore describes how he and a shipmate saw the shell approaching, and dodged to one side. It cut the shroud he was holding on to
- Halsted , E. P. 1861 . Iron Cased Ships 13 – 14 . London . Quotes a letter from Charlewood read out in the House of Commons during a debate on iron hulls
- Considering the large number or rounds fired on both sides, neither of them can be complemented on their gunnery
- Halsted . Iron Cased Ships 13
- Ibid.
- Moore , James . 1843 . Minutes of the Second Action with the Mexican Squadron at the Battle of Campeche 16 May
- Moore . Second Action… His claims are more sober than those of the enthusiasts, but he admits that they are only the figures given him by a local fisherman. It will be shown later that they are very optimistic
- 1990 . Cased Iron Ships Halsted, and D.K. Brown, Before the Ironclad, (London, 98, contain descriptions of these gunnery trials. Halsted was admittedly an enthusiast for iron ships and has to be read with caution, but he had the advantage of being present as commanding officer of the ships for some of the more crucial gunnery tests. Brown's account is less complete, but has the advantage of distance and assessment by a critical intellect
- John Laird had a tight policy on the quality of iron used in his ships. There were four grades available—commercial, best [B], best best [BB], and best best best [BBB]. He selected the grades used in accordance with the amount of working they had to withstand and their expected service stresses, excluding the commercial grade in his specifications. The grades of iron he used could be expected to break up all shell at all ranges without penetration up to 32-pounder
- Cased Iron Ships Halsted, 13
- He cannot seriously be claimed to have done much damage, but, as other sea battles have shown, this is not essential for military or popular success
- The Inventory of Naval Records Collection National Archives Washington DC Record Group 45, Inventory 18, 134, Item 605
- 1869 . Lizard was built by Robert Napier, Govan, 1844, broken up at Chatham in
- Clowes , W. L. 1901 . The Royal Navy 6 336–44
- 1845 . Harpy was built by Ditchburn and Mare, Leamouth, transferred to War Department, 1892, as a target and broken up in 1909
- Cased Iron Ships Halsted, 13
- Clowes . The Royal Navy 6 344
- Barcos Historicos. Secretaria de Marina
- 2005 . Mark Twain New York This claim is not made lightly. Deliberate lying was used often by journalists and others. For an exposition of this see R. Powers, (There was little difference between Twain's fiction and his reportage when he was a journalist and wanted to make a point. Powers implies that this was common practice