References
- The spellings of the names of the two rulers of Mysore frequently vary between sources. Adopted here is the form most frequently used by contemporary Indian historians. However, when part of a quote, the spelling adopted is that of the given source. I am grateful for the helpful comments and suggestions of anonymous referees
- Wilks , Mark . 1989 . “ Private Secretary to the Governor of Madras during the period of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, was one contemporary that saw the state of Mysore as a real threat: see M. Wilks ” . In History of Mysore II (1810, reprint New Delhi), passim.
- 1877 . History of the Indian Navy London Material published in the West on the subject of the Mysorean navy usually goes little further than making a connection with European naval operations and offers no analysis of the nature of the fleet created. Among the most useful titles are C. R. Low, () I; J. Michaud, Histoire des progrès et de la chuts de l'empire de Mysore sous les règnes d'Hyder-Aly et Tippoo-Saib (Paris, 1809); C. Northcote-Parkinson, War in the Eastern Seas 1793–1815 (London, 1954); Sir H. W. Richmond, The Navy in India 1763–1783 (London, 1931). An exception however is Pamela Nightingale who provides a glimpse of how the navy under Tipu Sultan was effectively used; see P. Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784–1806 (Cambridge, 1970). More recent interest has been given to the Mysore state during this period by a number of Indian historians of which a few make considered reference to the development of a maritime force: see, I. Habib, State and Diplomacy under Tipu (New Delhi, 2001); I. Habib (ed.), Confronting Colonialism (New Delhi, 2002); M. Hasan, History of Tipu Sultan (Delhi, 1951); S. P. Sen, The French in India, 1763–1816 (New Delhi, 1971)
- Michaud . Histoire des progrès 48
- The safety of Madras was secured in late 1780 by the transportation of 1160 European and native troops from Calcutta by East Indiamen
- History of Mysore Ships under the command of Admiral Hughes provided considerable support during the siege of Cuddalore. Wilks, II, 189
- Sen . French in India 226 – 72 .
- Habib . Confronting Colonialism 172
- NA ADM1/165, 6 Feb. 1780: Admiral Hughes to the Board of Admiralty
- Vol. 29 , Tamil Nadu State Archives, Country Correspondence of the Madras Government. Muhammad Hyder to Governor Whitehill, vol., fo. 145
- NA ADM1/164, 2 Jan. 1781: Admiral Hughes to Board of Admiralty
- Ibid
- Ibid
- Nov. 1780 . Coventry Nov. , NA ADM51/213. Captain's log, HMS, 29
- Ibid
- May 1818 . May , NA ADM106/3123, 30
- Ibid
- Nov. 1780 . Burford Nov. , NA ADM51/144. Captain's log, HMS, 24
- Ibid
- State and Diplomacy under Tipu Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Ms 1677, fo. 22b. Re-quoted from Habib, 45
- British Library, India Office Records, H456c, f.183
- July 1804 . July , NA ADM106/3123, 26
- April 1782 . April , John Rylands University Library, Manchester, Pitt MS 929, item 48, 18
- June 1837 . A Collection of Papers Relative to Shipbuilding in India June , Calcutta Sir Robert Seppings to the Marine Board of Bombay,. Re-quoted from J. Phipps (ed.), (1840), 21
- History of Indian Navy Vol. 1 , 182 Low, vol
- Agius , D. A. 2002 . In the Wake of the Dhow 61 – 3 . Reading
- Ibid
- Yule , H. and Burnell , A. 1994 . Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words (1886 republished, Sittingbourne), 392
- Feb. 1775 . Feb. , NA ADM51/883, 19–20
- Farmer, however, makes several errors, first mistaking the vessels for East Indiamen and subsequently vessels of the Maratha navy. For this reason, little confidence can be given to his ability to distinguish vessels, with the likelihood of the vessel being lateen rather than fore and aft rigged
- 2004 . Nelson: A dream of glory, 1758–7 95 – 6 . New York An account of this action appears in several biographies of Nelson, with particular detail in J. Sugden, ()
- Michaud . Histoire des progrès 58
- Ibid, 58
- John Rylands University Library, Manchester, Pitt Ms 929, item 48, 18 Apr. 1782
- Ibid
- Ibid
- Fakhrul Marakib No information is available as to the possible tonnage of these vessels, with their carrying capacity used as an indication of size. The four vessels were (354 seamen and numeries), Nabi Bakhsh (145), Fat'h Shahi Mu'izzi (139) and Surati (a galiot). It is known that the Fakhrul Marakib returned, but the one destroyed by fire and the two wrecked is unclear. Marakib is the general term for a deepwater ship. See Habib, State and Diplomacy under Tipu, 19–65 for further details of the diplomatic mission
- State and Diplomacy Re-quoted from Habib, 114
- Nightingale . Trade and Empire in Western India 40
- Habib . May 1789 . State and Diplomacy May , 216 – 17 . 115. As supporting evidence, Habib cites the following manuscripts: Bombay to Tellicherry, 6 Secret and Political Department Diary, Maharashtra State Archives, Bombay, mo. 39, pp. Malet, Resident at Poona, 25 Jul. 1789, ibid. p. 368; and Malet, Resident at Poona, 17 Aug. 1789, p. 378
- Nightingale . Trade and Empire in Western India 38 – 40 .
- Ibid, 45–59
- October 1791 . October , NA ADM1/167, 22; NA ADM 51/983, 13 October, 1791
- Ms 1677 Asiatic Society, Calcutta, f16b. Re-quoted from Habib, State and Diplomacy, 41
- Hukmnamah-I-Tipu. An original Persian language manuscript copy of this hukmnamah is to be found in the India Office Library under the title, The I have used the translation by Iftik A. Khan. See I. A. Khan, ‘The Regulations of Tipu for his State Trade Enterprises’ in Habib, Confronting Colonialism, 148–60
- 1811 . Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan London The vessels to be built were 20 ships of between 80 to 85 guns and 20 masted grabs of 25 to 30 guns. As for the construction of these vessels, this work was more or less to be equally divided between the yards of Jumalabad, Wajidabad and Majidabad. See W. Kirkpatrick (), Appendix K
- Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan William Kirkpatrick translated the hukmnamah in his, appendix L, pp. xxviii ff
- Ibid. According to Kirkpatrick, this model was either of timber or ivory
- The tiger figurehead represented Tipu's own motif
- Lavery , B. 1991 . Building the Wooden Walls 29 London Lavery indicates that in England the practice of building naval warships ships from plan drawn on paper dates from at least the 18th century
- 1970 . Tiger of Mysore: The Life and Death of Tipu London The naval historian, Oliver Warner appears to have indicated that such might have been the case. See D. Forrest (), 263n
- Nelson . 1845 . Despatches and Letters Vol. 3 , vol., (London), 31
- 1969 . Two Views of British India: The private correspondence of Mr Dundas and Lord Wellesley, 1798–1801 16 – 43 . London Private Letters 1 and 2. The Earl of Mornington to the Rt Hon. Henry Dundas, 23 and 28 Feb. 1798. Reproduced in E. Ingram, (),. See also W. Dalrymple, White Mughals (London, 2002), 58. The Board of Control had been established in 1784 to supervise the political activities of the East India Company. However, time taken for orders issued in London to arrive in India, meant that the Governor-General in Bengal still retained a remarkable degree of independence. See H. Philips, The East India Company, 1784–1834 (London, 1968)
- 1798 . Two Views of British India Private Letters 6. The Earl of Mornington to the Rt Hon. Henry Dundas, 6 Jul. Reproduced in Ingram, 53
- Mar. 1798 . Mar. , British Library, BL MS 37,278, 29
- 1798 . Two Views of British India Private Letters 6. Rt Hon. Henry Dundas to the Earl of Mornington, 16 Jun. Reproduced Ingram, 47
- June 1798 . June , BL MS 37,278, 18
- The 99 despatched to Mangalore was made up as follows: Chapuy, General of the land forces I Ship Builders and others 4 Dubue, General of the Marine I Officers, Captains, Sergeants, Linguist 26 Desmoulins, Commandant of the Europeans I European soldiers 36 Officers of the Artillery 2 Soldiers of the second class (natives) 22 Marine officers 6 BL IOR H/572, 18 Jun. 1798. See also Forrest, Tiger of Mysore, 254. f
- Sen . French in India 558
- August 1798 . War in the Eastern Seas August , NA ADM1/169, 31. Re-quoted from Parkinson, 147
- 1798 . Two Views of British India Private Letters 6. The Rt Hon. Henry Dundas to the Earl of Mornington, 16 Jun. Reproduced in Ingram, 47
- Nov. 1798 . Nov. , NA ADM1/169, 5
- Nov. 1798 . Victorious. Nov. , NA ADM1/169, 18. Admiral Peter Rainier to Lt William Goate, Acting Captain of NA ADM1/169, 18 Nov. 1798
- Dec. 1798 . Dec. , NA ADM1/169, 9
- Jan. 1799 . Jan. , NA ADM1/169, 29. Admiral Rainier to the Board of Admiralty
- 2000 . Fitzwilliam. 28 – 9 . Among troops transported to Madras from Calcutta was the King's 33rd under the command of Colonel Arthur Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington). The Indiaman in which he and about half his regiment sailed was the See J. Weller, Wellington in India (London)
- History of Tipu Sultan , Home Miscellaneous series Vol. 457 , India Office, vol., fos 240–3. Requoted from Hasan, 355–6
- Wellington in India The French, still technically poised for invasion, were effectively neutralised through both the capture of Mysore and the presence of the Royal Navy in the Red Sea. Only in 1801 can it be said that this threat was entirely removed, a British landing in Egypt successful in bringing about the expulsion of the French from Egypt. However, one additional move was also made. As a result of correspondence between Bonaparte and Tipu, captured in Srirangapatnam, it was felt advisable to strengthen the Portuguese garrison of Goa through the addition of British troops, it being feared that this offered a further entry point for the French. See Weller, 90