Distribution of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi Along a Latitudinal Temperature Gradient

LITERATURE CITED

• Abbott, L. K., and A. D. Robson. 1984. Colonization of the root system of subterranean clover by three species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 96: 275–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, R. C., A. E. Liberta, and L. A. Dickman. 1984. Interaction of vascular plants and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across soil moisture-nutrient gradient. Oecologia (Berl.) 64: 111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, R. C., A. E. Liberta, and L. A. Dickman, and A. J. Katz. 1983. Spatial variation in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza spore density. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 519–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BacheUer, M. A. (Ed.) 1983. The Hammond almanac. Hammond Almanac, New Jersey. 1040 p.
   Google Scholar
• Buckman, H. O., and N. C. Brady. 1960. The nature and properties of soils. MacMillan Co., New York. 567 p.
   Google Scholar
• Cartica, R. J., and J. A. Quinn. 1980. Responses of populations of Solidago sempervirens (Compositae) to salt spray across a barrier beach. Amer. J. Bot. 67: 1246–1242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilvers, M. T., and M. J. F. Daft. 1982. Effects of low temperature on development of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal association between Glomus caledonium and Allium cepa. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 79: 153–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daft, M. J., and T. H. Nicolson. 1972. Effect of Endogone mycorrhiza on plant growth. IV. Quantitative relationships between the growth of the host and the development of the endophyte in tomato and maize. New Phytol. 71: 287–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, B. A., and D. M. Duff. 1978. Variation in germination and spore morphology among four isolates of Glomus mosseae. Mycologia 70: 1261–1267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, B. A., and D. M. Duff, P. M. McCool, and J. A. Menge. 1981. Comparative inoculum potential of spores of six vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 89: 385–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, B. A., and D. M. Duff, P. M. McCool, and J. A. Menge, and J. A. Menge. 1981. Evaluation of the commercial potential of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus epigaeus. New Phytol. 87: 345–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, B. A., and D. M. Duff, P. M. McCool, and J. A. Menge, and J. A. Menge, and J. M. Trappe. 1980. Factors affecting spore germination of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus epigaeus. Mycologia 72: 457–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickman, L. A., A. E. Liberta, and R. C. Anderson. 1984. Ecological interaction of little bluestem and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Canad. J. Bot. 62: 2272–2277.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, R., B. Hayden, and H. Lins. 1980. Barrier Islands. Amer. Sci. 68: 16–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friese, C. F. 1984. The distribution and dispersal of spores of VA mycorrhizal fungi in a sand dune. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Rhode Island, Kingston.
   Google Scholar
• Furian, V., and J. A. Fortin. 1973. Formation of endomycorrhizae by Endogone calospora on Allium cepa under three temperature regimes. Naturliste Canadien 100: 467–477.
   Google Scholar
• Giovannetti, M. 1985. Seasonal variations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas and endogonaceous spores in a maritime sand dune. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 84: 679–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey, P.J. 1976. Barrier beaches of the east coast. Oceanus 19(5): 27–40.
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey, P.J.. 1977. Climate, plant response and development of dunes on barrier beaches along the U.S. east coast. Int. J. Biometeor. 21: 203–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey, P.J., S. P. Leatherman, and R. Zaremba. 1979. A geobotanical approach to the classification of barrier beach systems. Pp. 100–126. In: Barrier Islands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. Ed., S. P. Leatherman. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, J. H., R. T. Leonard, and J. A. Menge. 1982. Interaction of light intensity and soil temperature with phosphorus inhibition of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. NewPhytol. 91: 683–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, N. E., S. O. Graham, and N. C. Schenck. 1976. The influence of pH on the germination of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal spores. Mycologia 68: 929–934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayman, D. S. 1970. Endogone spore numbers in soil and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in wheat as influenced by season and soil treatment. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 54: 53–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayman, D. S.. 1974. Plant growth responses to vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhiza. VI. Effect of light and temperature. New Phytol. 73: 71–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayman, D. S.. 1975. The occurrence of mycorrhizas in field crops as affected by soil fertility. Pp. 495–509. In: Endomycorrhizas. Eds., F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse, and P. B. Tinker. Academic Press, New York and London.
   Google Scholar
• Hayman, D. S., and G. E. Stovold. 1979. Spore populations and infectivity of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in New South Wales. Austral. J. Bot. 27: 227–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagschitz, J. A., and R. C. Wakefield. 1971. How to build and save beaches and dunes. RI Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 408. Kingston. 12 p.
   Google Scholar
• Koske, R. E. 1981a. Gigaspora gigantea: observations on spore germination of a V-A mycorrhizal fungus. Mycologia 73: 288–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koske, R. E.. 1981b. Multiple germination by spores of Gigaspora gigantea. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 76: 328–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koske, R. E.. 1984. Spores of VAM fungi inside spores of VAM fungi. Mycologia 76: 853–862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koske, R. E., J. N. Gemma, and P. D. Olexia. 1986. Glomus microaggregatum, a new species in the Endogonaceae. Mycotaxon 26: 125–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koske, R. E., J. N. Gemma, and P. D. Olexia, and W. L. Halvorson. 1981. Ecological studies of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in a barrier sand dune. Canad. J. Bot. 59: 1413–1422.
   Google Scholar
• Koske, R. E., J. N. Gemma, and P. D. Olexia, and W. L. Halvorson, and B. Tessier. 1983. A convenient, permanent slide mounting medium. Mycol. Soc. Am. Newsl. 34(2): 59.
   Google Scholar
• Koske, R. E., J. N. Gemma, and P. D. Olexia, and W. L. Halvorson, and B. Tessier, and C. Walker. 1984. Gigaspora erythropa, a new species forming arbuscular mycorrhizae. Mycologia 76: 250–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruckelmann, H.W. 1975. Effects of fertilizers, soils, soil tillage, and plant species on the frequency of Endogone chlamydospores and mycorrhizal infection in arable soils. Pp. 511–525. In: Endomycorrhizas. Eds., F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse, and P. B. Tinker. Academic Press, New York and London.
   Google Scholar
• McGraw, A. C., and J. W. Hendrix. 1984. Hostand fumigation effects on spore population densities of species of endogonaceous mycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 76: 122–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina, R. J., J. M. Trappe, and G. S. Strickler. 1978. Mycorrhizal fungi associated with Festuca in the western United States and Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 1691–1695.
   Google Scholar
• Mosse, B. 1973. Advances in the study of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhiza. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 11: 171–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosse, B., and G. D. Bowen. 1968. The distribution of Endogone spores in some Australian and New Zealand soils, and in an experimental field at Rothamstead. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 51: 485–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. Wiley & Sons, New York. 547 p.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson, T. H., and C. Johnston. 1979. Mycorrhiza in the Gramineae. III. Glomus fasciculatus as the endophyte of pioneer grasses in a maritime sand dune. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 72: 261–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odum, E. P. 1959. Fundamentals of ecology. 2nd Ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 546 p.
   Google Scholar
• Pirozynski, K. A. 1968. Geographical distribution of fungi. Pp. 487–504. In: The fungi. Vol. III. Eds., G. C. Ainsworth and A. S. Sussman. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Pugh, L. M., R. W. Roncadori, and R. S. Hussey. 1981. Factors affecting vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development and growth of cotton. Mycologia 73: 869–879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saif, S. R. 1977. The influence of stage of host development on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and endogonaceous spore populations in field-grown vegetable crops. I. Summer-grown crops. New Phytol. 79: 341–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenck, N. C., S. O. Graham, and N. E. Green. 1975. Temperature and light effect on contamination and spore germination of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 67: 1189–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenck, N. C., S. O. Graham, and N. E. Green, and R. A. Kinloch. 1980. Incidence of mycorrhizal fungi on six field crops in monoculture on a newly cleared woodland site. Mycologia 72: 445–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenck, N. C., S. O. Graham, and N. E. Green, and R. A. Kinloch, and V. N. Schroder. 1974. Temperature response of Endogone mycorrhiza on soybean roots. Mycologia 66: 600–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield, R. K., and A. W. Taylor. 1955. The measurement of soil pH. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 19: 164–167.
   Google Scholar
• Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. 859 p.
   Google Scholar
• Southwood, T. R. E. 1968. Ecological methods. Chapman and Hall, London. 524 p.
   Google Scholar
• St. John, T. V., and R. E. Koske. 1984. Statistical treatment of endogonaceous spore counts. Proc. 6th N. A. Conf. on Mycorrhizae, 25–29 June 1984, Bend, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Stahl, P. D., and W. K. Smith. 1984. Effects of different geographic isolates of Glomus on the water relations of Agropyron smithii. Mycologia 76: 261–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhauser, F. 1979. Climatic atlas of North and Central America. WMO Publ., UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, J. C., and G. L. Barron. 1972. Population dynamics of Endogone spores in soil. Canad. J. Bot. 50: 1909–1914.
   Google Scholar
• Sylvia, D. M. 1986. Spatial and temporal distribution of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Uniola paniculata in Florida fore-dunes. Mycologia 78: 734–740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tommerup, I. C. 1983. Temperature relations of spore germination and hyphal growth of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 81: 381–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, R. H. 1964. The ecology of Uniola paniculata L. in the dune-strand habitat of North Carolina. Ecol. Monogr. 34: 79–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, C., C. W. Mize, and H. S. McNabb. 1982. Populations of endogonaceous fungi at two locations in Iowa. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 2518–2529.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, C., C. W. Mize, and H. S. McNabb, and F. E. Sanders. 1986. Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae. III. The separation of the genus Gigaspora Gerd. & Trappe into two genera, Gigaspora and Scutellospora. Mycotaxon 26. (In press)
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, R. H. 1975. Communities and ecosystems. MacMillan Publ. Co., New York. 385 p.
   Google Scholar
• Woodhouse, W. W. 1978. Dune building and stabilization with vegetation. Spl. Rep. no. 3, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
   Google Scholar