Phylogenetic Analysis of Two Ribosomal Dna Regions Indicates Multiple Independent Losses of a Sexual Talaromyces State Among Asexual Penicillium Species in Subgenus Biverticillium

LITERATURE CITED

• Baura, G., T. M. Szaro, and T. D. Bruns. 1992. Gastrosuillus laricinus is a recent derivative of Suillus grevillei: molecular evidence. Mycologia 84: 592–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbee, M. L., and J. W. Taylor. 1992a. 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence characters place the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii in the genus Ophiostoma. Exp. Mycol. 16: 87–91.
   Google Scholar
• Berbee, M. L., and J. W. Taylor. 1992b. Convergence in ascospore discharge mechanism among pyrenomycete fungi based on 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 1: 59–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbee, M. L., and J. W. Taylor. 1992c. Two ascomycete classes based on fruiting-body characters and ribosomal DNA sequence. Molec. Biol. Evol. 9: 278–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbee, M. L., and J. W. Taylor. 1993. Ascomycete relationships: dating the origin of asexual lineages with 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data. In: The fungal holomorph: a consideration of mitotic and pleomorphic speciation. Eds., D. R. Reynolds and J. W. Taylor. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom (In press)
   Google Scholar
• Bowman, B. H., J. W. Taylor, and T. J. White. 1992. Molecular evolution of the fungi: human pathogens. Molec. Biol. Evol. 9: 893–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, W. M., E. M. Prager, A. Wang, and A. C. Wilson. 1982. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. J. Molec. Evol. 18: 225–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, T. D., R. Fogel, T. J. White, and J. D. Palmer. 1989. Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancestor. Nature 339: 140–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, T. D., R. Fogel, T. J. White, and J. D. Palmer, and T. M. Szaro. 1992. Rate and mode differences between nuclear and mitochondrial small-subunit rRNA genes in mushrooms. Molec. Biol. Evol. 9: 836–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, T. D., R. Fogel, T. J. White, and J. D. Palmer, and T. M. Szaro, T. J. White, and J. W. Taylor. 1991. Fungal molecular systematics. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 525–564.
   Google Scholar
• Felsenstein, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felsenstein, J.. 1990. PHYLIP —phylogenetic inference package, version 3.3. Computer programs distributed by the author, Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Frisvad, J. C. 1986. Taxonomic approaches to mycotoxin identification. Pp. 415–457. In: Modern methods in the analysis and structural elucidation of mycotoxins. Ed., R. J. Cole. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Frisvad, J. C., O. Filtenborg, R. A. Samson, and A. C. Stolk. 1990. Chemotaxonomy of the genus Talaromyces. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 57: 179–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisvad, J. C., O. Filtenborg, R. A. Samson, and A. C. Stolk, and R. A. Samson. 1991. Filamentous fungi in foods and feeds: ecology, spoilage, and mycotoxin production. Pp. 31–68. In: Handbook of applied mycology. Vol. 3. Foods and feeds. Eds., D. K. Arora, K. G. Mukerji, and E. H. Marth. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Guadet, J., J. Julien, J. F. Lafay, and Y. Brygoo. 1989. Phylogeny of some Fusarium species, as determined by large-subunit rRNA sequence comparison. Molec. Biol. Evol. 6: 227–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyllensten, U. B., and H. A. Eelich. 1988. Generation of single stranded DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and its application to direct sequencing of the HLA-DQA locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7652–7656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinks, J. L. 1952. Heterokaryosis: a system of adaptation in wild fungi. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B., Biol. Sci. 140: 83–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. B., M. G. Milgroom, and J. W. Taylor. 1988. A rapid, high yield mini-prep method for isolation of total genomic DNA from fungi. Fungal Genet. Newslett. 35: 23–24.
   Google Scholar
• LoBuglio, K. F., and J. W. Taylor. 1993. Molecular phylogeny of Talaromyces and Penicillium species in subgenus Biverticillium. Pp. 115–119. In: The fungal holomorph: a consideration of mitotic and pleomorphic speciation. Eds., D. R. Reynolds and J. W. Taylor. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Maddison, W. P., and D. R. Maddison. 1992. Macclade version 3: analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsh, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Maynard Smith, J. 1992. Age and the unisexual lineage. Nature 356: 661–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, P. C. 1990. Production of single stranded DNA by asymmetric PCR. Pp. 315–322. In: PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Eds., M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, and T. J. White. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, H. J. 1964. The relation of recombination to mutational advance. Mutat. Res. 1: 2–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell, K. L. 1992. Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers are highly divergent in the phytopathogenic ascomycete Fusarium sambucinum (Gibberella pulicaris). Curr. Genet. 22: 213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozynski, K. A., and L. K. Weresub. 1979. A biogeographic view of the history of ascomycetes and the development of their pleomorphism. Pp. 93–123. In: The whole fungus: the sexual-asexual synthesis. Proceedings of the Second International Mycological Conference, Calgary. Vol. 1. Ed., B. Kendrick. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, and the Kananaskis Foundation, Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Pitt, J. I. 1979. The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Pitt, J. I., and L. Leistner. 1991. Toxigenic Penicillium species. Pp. 81–99. In: Mycotoxins and animal foods. Eds., J. E. Smith and R. S. Henderson. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Raju, N. B. 1992. Genetic control of the sexual cycle in Neurospora. Mycol. Res. 96: 241–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raper, K. B. 1957. Nomenclature in Aspergillus and Penicillium. Mycologia 49: 644–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raper, K. B., and C. Thom. 1949. A manual of the Penicillia. The Williams and Wilkens Company, Baltimore, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, S. O., Z. H. Yan, M. Shinohara, K. F. LoBuglio, and C. J. K. Wang. 1993. Messenger RNA intron in the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene of deuteromycetes. Curr. Genet. 23: 338–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roper, J. A. 1966. The parasexual cycle. Pp. 589–617. In: The Fungi: an advanced treatise. Vol. II. Eds., G. C. Ainsworth and A. S. Sussman. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463–5467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolk, A. C., and R. A. Samson. 1971. Studies on Talaromyces and related genera. I. Hamigera gen. nov. and Byssochlamys. Persoonia 6: 341–357.
   Google Scholar
• Stolk, A. C., and R. A. Samson. 1972. Studies on Talaromyces and related genera. II. Stud. Mycol. 2: 1–67.
   Google Scholar
• Swofford, D. L. 1991. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 3.0s. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Sytsma, K. J., and L. D. Gottlieb. 1986. Chloroplast DNA evidence for the origin of the genus Heterogaura from a species of Clarkia (Onagraceae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87: 5554–5557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. W., J. I. Pitt, and A. D. Hocking. 1990. Ribosomal DNA restriction studies of Talaromyces species with Paecilomyces and Penicillium anamorphic states. Pp. 357–370. In: Modern concepts in Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. Eds., R. A. Samson and J. I. Pitt. Plenum Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Tiffney, B. A., and E. S. Barghoorn. 1974. The fossil record of the fungi. Occas. Pap. Farlow Herbarium Cryptog. Bot. 1: 1–42.
   Google Scholar
• White, T. J., T. D. Bruns, S. Lee, and J. Taylor. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal genes for phylogenetics. Pp. 315–322. In: PCR protocols. Eds., M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, and T. J. White. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
   Google Scholar