Fossil arbuscular mycorrhizae from the Early Devonian

LITERATURE CITED

• Abbott, L. K., and A. D. Robson. 1979. A quantitative study of the spores and anatomy of mycorrhizas formed by a species of Glomus, with reference to taxonomy. Aust. J. Bot. 27: 363–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott, L. M. 1982. Comparative anatomy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas formed on subterranean clover. Aust. J. Bot. 30: 485–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadjian, V. 1986. Symbiosis. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire. 212 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bonfante-Fasolo, P. 1984. Anatomy and morphology of mycorrhizae. Pp. 5–33. In: VA mycorrhizae. Eds., C. Ll. Powell, and D. J. Bagyaraj. CRC Press, Boco Raton, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Boullard, B. 1979. Considerations sur la symbiose fongique chez les Pteridophytes. Syllogeus No. 19. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Brundrett, M. C., and B. Kendrick. 1988. The mycorrhizal status, root anatomy, and phenology of plants in the sugar maple forest. Canad. J. Bot. 66: 1153–1173.
   Google Scholar
• Brundrett, M. C., and B. Kendrick. 1990. The roots and mycorrhizas of herbaceous woodland plants. II. Structural aspects of morphology. New Phytol. 114: 469–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, G., and F. Sanders. 1974. Ultrastructure of the host-fungus interface in a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. New Phytol. 73: 901–912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, G., and F. Sanders, and P. B. Tinker. 1976. Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. I. The arbuscule and phosphorus transfer: a quantitative ultrastructural study. New Phytol. 77: 371–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cridland, A. A. 1962. Fungi in cordaitean roots. Mycologia 54: 230–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daft, M. J., and B. O. Okusanya. 1973. Effects of Endogone mycorrhiza on plant growth. VI. Influence of infection on the anatomy and reproductive development in four hosts. New Phytol. 72: 1333–1339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dexheimer, J., S. Gianinazzi, and V. Gianinazzi-Pearson. 1979. Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the host-fungus interfaces in endomycorrhizal associations Glomus mosseae/Allium cepa. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 92: 191–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, D. S. 1986. Aglaophyton major, a non-vascular land plant from the Devonian Rhynie Chert. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 93: 173–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friese, C. F., and M. F. Allen. 1991. The spread of VA mycorrhizal fungal hyphae in the soil: inoculum types and external hyphal architecture. Mycologia 83: 409–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallaud, I. 1905. Études sur les mycorrhizes endophytes. Rev Gén. Bot. 17: 5–48, 66–83, 123–136, 223–239, 313–325, 425–433, 479–500.
   Google Scholar
• Gerdemann, J. W., and J. M. Trappe. 1974. Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest. Mycol. Mem. 5: 1–76.
   Google Scholar
• Gourret, J. P., and D. S. Strullu. 1979. Etude cytophysiologique et ecologique des symbioses racinaires:nodules fixateurs d'azote et mycorhizes. Compte-Rendu Scientifique de l'A.T.P. 28–20 CNRS Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Halket, A. C. 1930. The rootlets of Ameylon radicans Will.; their anatomy, their apices, and their endophytic fungus. Ann. Bot. 44: 865–905.
   Google Scholar
• Hass, H., T. N. Taylor, and W. Remy. 1994. Fungi from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert: mycoparasitism. Amer. J. Bot. 81: 29–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holley, J. D., and R. L. Peterson. 1979. Development of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in bean roots. Canad. J. Bot. 57: 1960–1978.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffrey, C. 1962. The origin and differentiation of the archegoniate land plants. Bot. Not. 115: 446–454.
   Google Scholar
• Kaspari, H. 1973. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung zur Feinstruktur der endotrophen Tabaqkmykorrhiza. Arch. Mikrobiol. 92: 201–207.
   Google Scholar
• Kidston, R., and W. H. Lang. 1921. Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure, from the Rhynie Chert bed, Aberdeenshire. Part 5. The thallophyta occurring in the peat-bed; the succession of the plants throughout a vertical section of the bed, and the conditions of accumulation and preservation of the deposit. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 52: 855–902.
   Google Scholar
• Kinden, D. A., and M. F. Brown. 1975a. Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. I. Characterization of endophyte structures by scanning electron microscopy. Canad. J. Microbiol. 21: 989–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinden, D. A., and M. F. Brown. 1975b. Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. IV. Hostendophyte interactions during arbuscular deterioration. Canad. J. Microbiol. 22: 64–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinden, D. A., and M. F. Brown. 1975c. Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. III. Hostendophyte interactions during arbuscular development. Canad. J. Microbiol. 21: 1930–1939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D. H. 1991. Mutualistic symbioses in the origin and evolution of land plants. Pp. 288–300. In: Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation. Eds., L. Margulis, and R. Fester. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Malloch, D. W., K. A. Pirozynski, and P. H. Raven. 1980. Ecological and evolutionary significance of mycorrhizal symbioses in vascular plants (a review). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 2113–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J. B. 1988. Taxonomy of VA mycorrhizal fungi: classification, nomenclature, and identification. Mycotaxon 32: 267–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J. B.. 1990a. Species and clones of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes): their role in macro- and microevolutionary processes. Mycotaxon 37: 493–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J. B.. 1990b. Evolutionary relationships among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Endogonaceae. Mycologia 82: 192–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J. B., and G. L. Benny. 1990. Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon 37: 471–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolson, T. H. 1959. Mycorrhizae in the Gramineae I. Vesicular-arbuscular endophytes, with special reference to the external phase. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 42: 421–438.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson, T. H.. 1981. Palaeobotanical evidence for mycorrhizas. 13th Intl. Bot. Cong., Sydney, Australia, p. 187.
   Google Scholar
• Osborn, T. G. B. 1909. The lateral roots of Ameylon radicans, Will., and their mycorrhiza. Ann. Bot. 23: 603–611.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. L., and M. L. Farquhar. 1994. Mycorrhizas-integrated development between roots and fungi. Mycologia 86: 311–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozynski, K. A., and Y. Dalpé. 1989. Geological history of the Glomaceae with particular reference to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Symbiosis 7: 1–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozynski, K. A., and Y. Dalpé, and D. W. Malloch. 1975. The origin of land plants: a matter of mycoparasitism. BioSystems 6: 153–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozynski, K. A., and Y. Dalpé, and D. W. Malloch, and L. K. Weresub. 1979. The classification and nomenclature of fossil fungi. Pp. 653–688. In: The whole fungus, the sexual-asexual synthesis. Vol. 2. Ed., B. Kendrick. Proc. 2nd Int. Mycol. Conf., Univ. Calgary, Kananaskis, Alberta. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Natl. Mus. Canada and Kananaskis Foundation, Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, C. Ll. 1976. Development of mycorrhizal infections from Endogone spores and infected root segments. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 66: 439–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven, J. A. 1977. The evolution of vascular land plants in relation to supracellular transport processes. Advances Bot. Res. 5: 153–219.
   Google Scholar
• Remy, W., T. N. Taylor, H. Hass, and H. Kerp. 1994. 400 million year old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11841–11843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannerini, S., and M. Bellando. 1968. Sullultrastruttura delle micorrize endotrofiche di Omithogalum umbellatum L. inattivita vegetativa. Atti Accad. Sci. Torino Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. 102: 795–809.
   Google Scholar
• Scannerini, S., and M. Bellando, and P. Bonfante-Fasolo. 1983. Comparative ultrastructural analysis of mycorrhizal associations. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 917–943.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, B. D., D. R. Bohra, and R. Harsh. 1993. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae association in Lower Devonian plants of the Rhynie chert. Phytomorphology 43: 105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, L., J. Bousquet, R. C. Lévesque, and M. Lalonde. 1993. Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363: 67–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubblefield, S. P., T. N. Taylor, and J. M. Trappe. 1987. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae from the Triassic of Antarctica. Amer. J. Bot. 74: 1904–1911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trappe, J. M. 1987. Phylogenetic and ecological aspects of mycotrophy in the angiosperms from an evolutionary standpoint. Pp. 5–25. In: Ecophysiology of VA mycorrhizal plants. Ed., G. Safir. CRC Press, Boco Raton, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, C. W., and T. N. Taylor. 1984. Fungal chlamydospores from the Pennsylvanian of North America. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 37: 317–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, C. 1983. Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae: spore wall characteristics in species descriptions. Mycotaxon 18: 443–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. 1993. Fungal endophytes: out of sight but should not be out of mind. Oikos 68: 379–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar