Identification of the causal agent of Armillaria root rot of Pinus species in South Africa

LITERATURE CITED

• Anderson JB, Bailey SS, Pukkila PJ. 1989. Variation in ribosomal DNA among biological species of Armillaria, a genus of root-infecting fungi. Evolution 43: 1652–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JB, Bailey SS, Pukkila PJ., Korhonen K, Ullrich RC. 1980. Relationships between European and North American biological species of Armillaria mellea. Exp Mycol 4: 87–95.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson JB, Bailey SS, Pukkila PJ., Korhonen K, Ullrich RC., Stasovski E. 1992. Molecular phylogeny of Northern Hemisphere species of Armillaria. Mycologia 84: 505–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JB, Bailey SS, Pukkila PJ., Korhonen K, Ullrich RC., Stasovski E., Ullrich RC. 1979. Biological species of Armillaria mellea in North America. Mycologia 71: 402–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustain A, Mohammed C, Guillaumin J-J, Botton B. 1994. Discrimination of some African Armillaria species by isozyme electrophoretic analysis. New Phytol 128: 135–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonde MR, Micales JA, Peterson GL. 1993. The use of isozyme analysis for identification of plant-pathogenic fungi. Pl Dis 77: 961–968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottomley AM. 1937. Some of the more important diseases affecting timber plantations in the Transvaal. S African J Sei 33: 373–376.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra A, Watling R. 1981. Studies in Indian Armillaria (Fries per Fries) Staude (Basidiomycotina). Kavaka 10: 63–84.
   Google Scholar
• Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Harrington TC, Dalevi D, Coutinho TA, Wingfield MJ. 2000. Geographical diversity of Armillaria mellea s. s. based on phylogenetic analysis. Mycologia 92: 105–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Harrington TC, Dalevi D, Coutinho TA, Wingfield MJ., Wingfield MJ, Coutinho TA. 1997. Characteristics of South African Armillaria isolates using RFLPs. Proceedings of the 35th Congress of the Southern African Society for Plant Pathology, Badplaas, 19–22 January 1997. S African J Sci 93: vi (abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Harrington TC, Dalevi D, Coutinho TA, Wingfield MJ., Wingfield MJ, Coutinho TA.. 1998. Identification of the causal agent of Armillaria root rot in South African forest plantations. In: Delatour C, Guillaumin J-J, Lung-Escarmant B, Margais B, eds. Root and butt rots of forest trees, Carcans-Maubuisson (France), 1–7 September 1997. Paris: INRA (Les Collogues no. 89). p 49–61.
   Google Scholar
• Duschesne LC, Anderson JB. 1990. Location and direction of transcription of the 5S rRNA gene in Armillaria. Mycol Res 94: 266–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillaumin J-J, Mohammed C, Abomo-Ndongo S. 1993a. Vegetative incompatibility and sexual systems of Armillaria isolates from tropical Africa. In: Johansson M, Stenlid J, eds. Proceedings of the 8th IUFRO Conference on Root and Butt Rots. Uppsala: Swedish Univ., Agricultural Science. p 349–355.
   Google Scholar
• Guillaumin J-J, Mohammed C, Abomo-Ndongo S., Lung B, Marxmüller H, Anselmi N, Courtecuisse R, Gregory SC, Holdenrieder O, Intini M, Lung B, et al. 1993b. Geographical distribution and ecology of the Armillaria species in Western Europe. Eur J For Pathol 23: 321–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington TC, Wingfield BD. 1995. A PCR-based identification method for species of Armillaria. Mycologia 87: 280–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington TC, Wingfield BD., Worrall JJ, Baker FA. 1992. Armillaria. In: LL Singleton, Mihail JD, Rush C, eds. Methods for research on soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society Press. p 81–85.
   Google Scholar
• Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T-A. 1985. Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Evol 22: 160–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim R. 1963. L’ Armillariella elegans Heim. Rev Mycol (Paris) 28: 88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Hori H, Higo K, Osawa S. 1977. The rates of evolution in some ribosomal components. J Mol Evol 9: 191–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiau PT-W. 1996. The taxonomy and phylogeny of the mycangial fungi from Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) [PhD Thesis]. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Univ. 92 p.
   Google Scholar
• Ivory MH. 1987. Diseases and disorders of pines in the tropics. A field and laboratory manual. Overseas Research Publication Number 31. Oxfordshire: Burgess & Son (Abingdon) Ltd. 92 p.
   Google Scholar
• Kile GA, Watling R. 1988. Identification and occurrence of Australian Armillaria species, including A. pallidula sp. nov. and comparative studies between them and non-Australian tropical and Indian Armillaria. Trans Br Mycol Soc 91: 305–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotzé JJ. 1935. Forest fungi: the position in South Africa. In: Papers and statements on exotics: 4th British Empire Forestry Conference. Pretoria: The Government Printer. 12 p.
   Google Scholar
• Largent DL. 1977. How to identify mushrooms to genus I: macroscopic features. Eureka, California: Mad River Press Inc. 86 p.
   Google Scholar
• Largent DL., Johnson D, Watling R. 1977. How to identify mushrooms to genus III: microscopic features. Eureka, California: Mad River Press Inc. 148 p.
   Google Scholar
• Lückhoff HA 1964. Diseases of exotic plantation trees in the Republic of South Africa. In: FAO/IUFRO Symposium on Internationally Dangerous Forest Diseases and Insects. Oxford, UK: Food and Agricultural Organization; International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. 4 p.
   Google Scholar
• Lundquist JE. 1987. A history of five forest diseases in South Africa. S African J Forest 140: 51–59.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed C. 1994. The detection and species identification of African Armillaria. In: Schots A, Dewey FM, Oliver RP, eds. Modern assays for plant pathogenic fungi, identification, detection and quantification. Oxford: CAB International. p 141–147.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed C., Guillaumin J-J, Botton B, Intini M. 1993. Species of Armillaria in tropical Africa. In: Johansson M, Stenlid J, eds. Proceedings of the 8th IUFRO Conference on root and butt rots. Uppsala: Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Science. p 402–410.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison DJ, Thomson AJ, Chu D, Peet FG, Sahota TS. 1985. Isozyme patterns of Armillaria intersterility groups occurring in British Columbia. Can J Microbiol 31: 651–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwangi LM, Lin D, Hubbes M. 1989. Identification of Kenyan Armillaria isolates by cultural morphology, intersterility tests and analysis of isozyme profiles. Eur J For Pathol 19: 399–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwangi LM, Lin D, Hubbes M., Mwenje E, Makambila C, Chanakira-Nyahwa F, Guillaumin J-J, Mohammed C. 1993. Ecology and pathogenicity of Armillaria in Kenya, Zimbabwe and the Congo. In: Johansson M, Stenlid J, eds. Proceedings of the 8th IUFRO Conference on Root and Butt Rots. Uppsala: Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Science. p 34–44.
   Google Scholar
• Mwenje E, Ride JP. 1993. Characterisation of Zimbabwean Armillaria by morphological features and isozymes analysis of cell wall degrading enzymes. In: Johansson M, Stenlid J, eds. Proceedings of the 8th IUFRO Conference on Root and Butt Rots. Uppsala: Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Science, p. 393–401.
   Google Scholar
• Mwenje E, Ride JP.. 1996. Morphological and biochemical characterisation of Armillaria isolates from Zimbabwe. Pl Pathol 45: 1036–1051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegler DN. 1977. A preliminary agaric flora of East Africa. Kew Bull Addit Ser 6: 91–95.
   Google Scholar
• Petch T. 1909. New Ceylon fungi. Ann Roy Bot Gard Peradeniyae 4: 299–386.
   Google Scholar
• Pole Evans IB. 1933. Safe guarding the soil products of the Union. Farming South Africa 8: 486–493.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner RW. 1970. A mycological colour chart. Kew, Surrey, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute and British Mycological Society. 34 p.
   Google Scholar
• Rishbeth J. 1978. Effects of soil temperature and atmosphere on growth of Armillaria rhizomorphs. Trans Br Mycol Soc 70: 213–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roll-Hansen F. 1985. The Armillaria species in Europe. Eur J For Pathol 15: 22–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith ML, Anderson JB. 1989. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNAs of Armillaria: identification of North American biological species. Mycol Res 93: 247–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift MJ. 1968. Inhibition of rhizomorph development by Armillaria mellea in Rhodesian forest soils. Trans Br Mycol Soc 51: 241–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analyis Using Parsimony (* and other methods), vers: 4. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Veldman GM, Klootwijk J, de Regt VCHF, Rudi RJ. 1981. The primary and secondary structure of yeasts 26S rRNA. Nucl Acids Res 9: 6935–6952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volk TJ, Burdsall HH. 1995. A nomenclatural study of Armillaria and ArmillarieUa species. Synopsis Fungorum 8. Oslo: Fungiflora. 121 p.
   Google Scholar
• Wingfield MJ, Knox-Davies PS. 1980. Observations on diseases in pine and eucalyptus plantations in South Africa. Phytophylactica 12: 57–63.
   Google Scholar