LITERATURE CITED
- Carbone I, Anderson JB, Kohn LM. 1999. Patterns of descent in clonal lineages and their multilocus fingerprints are resolved with combined gene geneologies. Evolution 53: 11–21.
- Drake JW. 1991. A constant rate of spontaneous mutation in DNA-based microbes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7160–7164.
- Drake JW., Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D, Crow JF. 1998. Rates of spontaneous mutation. Genetics 148: 1667–1686.
- Fincham JRS, Radford A, Day PR. 1979. Fungal genetics. 4th ed. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 636 p.
- Klekowski EJJ, Kazarinova-Fukshansky N. 1984. Shoot apical meristems and mutation: selective loss of disadvantageous cell genotypes. Am J Bot 71: 28–34.
- Kondrashov AS. 1995. Modifiers of mutation-selection balance: general approach and the evolution of mutation rates. Genet Res 66: 53–69.
- Kondrashov AS.. 1998. Measuring spontaneous deleterious mutation process. Genetica 102/103: 183–197.
- Nothel H. 1987. Adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster populations to high mutation pressure: Evolutionary adjustment of mutation rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 1045–1049.
- Orita M, Suzuki Y, Sekiya T, Hayashi K. 1989. Rapid and sensitive detection of point mutations and DNA polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction. Genomics 5: 874–879.
- Rayner ADM, Powell KA, Thompson W, Jennings DH. 1985. Morphogenesis of vegetative organs. In: Moore D, Casselton LA, Wood DA, Frankland JC, eds. Developmental biology of higher fungi. London: Cambridge University Press. p 249–279.
- Rishbeth J. 1968. The growth rate of Armillaria mellea. Trans Br Mycol Soc 51: 575–586.
- Rizzo DM, Blanchette RA, May G. 1995. Distribution of Armillaria ostoyae genets in a Pinus resinosa-Pinus banksiana forest. Can J Bot 73: 776–787.
- Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
- Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 5463–5467.
- Saville BJ, Kohli Y, Anderson JB. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA recombination in a natural population. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 1331–1335.
- Saville BJ, Kohli Y, Anderson JB., Yoell H, Anderson JB. 1996. Genetic exchange and recombination in populations of the root-infecting fungus Armillaria gallica. Mol Ecol 5: 485–497.
- Smith ML, Bruhn JM, Anderson JB. 1992. The fungus Armillaria bulbosa is among the largest and oldest living organisms. Nature 356: 428–431.
- Smith ML, Bruhn JM, Anderson JB.. 1994. Relatedness and spatial distribution of Armillaria genets infecting red pine seedlings. Phytopathology 84: 822–829.
- Steeves TA, Sussex IM. 1972. Patterns in plant development. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 302 p.
- Taddei F, Radman M, Maynard-Smith J, Toupance B, Gouyon PH, Godelle B. 1997. Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution. Nature 387: 700–702.