Molecular analyses uncover the phylogenetic placement of the lichenized hyphomycetous genus Cheiromycina

LITERATURE CITED

• Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. The Journal of Molecular Biology 215:403–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An K-D, Degawa Y, Fujihara E, Mikawa T, Ohkuma M, Okada G. 2012. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear rRNA genes and the intron-exon structures of the nuSSU rRNA gene in Dictyocatenulata alba (anamorphic Ascomycota). Fungal Biology 116:1134–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aptroot A, Schiefelbein U. 2003. Additional species of Cheiromycina (lichenized hyphomycetes), with a key to the known species. Mycological Research 107:104–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aptroot A, Sipman HJM. 2011. Sporodochiolichen a new genus of tropical hyphomicetous lichens. The Lichenologist 43:357–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbee ML, Taylor JW. 1993. Ascomycete relationships: dating the origin of asexual lineages with 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data. In: Reynolds DR, Taylor JW, eds. The fungal holomorph: mitotic, meiotic, and pleomorphic speciation in fungal systematics. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 68–77.
   Google Scholar
• Cáceres MES, Aptroot A. 2016. First inventory of lichens from the Brazilian Amazon in Amapá State. The Bryologist 119:250–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cáceres MES, Aptroot A, Oliveira Mendoca C, dos Santos LA, Lücking R. 2017. Sprucidea, a further new genus of rain forest lichens in the family Malmideaceae (Ascomycota). The Bryologist 120:202–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai L, Guo XY, Hyde KD. 2008. Morphological and molecular characterization of a new anamorpjhic genus Cheirosporium, from freshwater in China. Persoonia 20:53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Mansilla JP, Hunter GC, Wingfield MJ. 2004. Phylogenetic reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus. Studies in Mycology 50:195–214.
   Google Scholar
• Crous PW, Kang JC, Braun U. 2001. A phylogenetic redefinition of anamorph genera in Mycosphaerella based on ITS rDNA sequence and morphology. Mycologia 93:1081–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Mansilla JP, Alfenas AC, Groenewald JZ. 2006. Phylogenetic reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus. II. Studies in Mycology 55:99–131.
   Google Scholar
• Cubero OF, Crespo A, Fatehi J, Bridge PD. 1999. DNA extraction and PCR amplification method suitable for fresh, herbarium stored and lichenized fungi. Plant Systematics and Evolution 217:243–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Natural Methods 9: article 772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettman JR, Jacobson DJ, Taylor JW. 2003. A multilocus genealogical approach to phylogenetic species recognition in the model eukaryote Neurospora. Evolution 57:2703–2720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diederich P. 2011. Lichenicolous hyphomycete genera. In: Seifert K, Morgan-Jones G, Gams W, Kendrick B, eds. The genera of Hyphomycetes. CBS Biodiversity Series 9. Utrecht, The Netherlands: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center. p. 917–920.
   Google Scholar
• Diederich P. 2013. A redescription of Sporodochiolichen flavus (lichenized sporodochial Ascomycetes). Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois 114:55–58.
   Google Scholar
• Diederich P, Coppins BJ. 2009. Reichlingia Diederich & Scheid. (1996). In: Smith CW, Aptroot A Coppins BJ, Fletcher A, Gilbert OL, James PW, Wolseley PA, eds. The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: British Lichen Society. p. 790–791.
   Google Scholar
• Diederich P, Ertz D, Lawrey JD, Sikaroodi M, Untereiner WA. 2013. Molecular data place the hyphomycetous lichenicolous genus Sclerococcum close to Dactylospora (Eurotiomycetes) and S. parmeliae in Cladophialophora (Chaetothyriales). Fungal Diversity 58:61–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diederich P, Palice Z, Ertz D. 2008. Cheiromycina ananas is a synonym of Dictyocatenulata alba, a widespread, lichenized, synnematous hyphomycete herewith reported as new for Europe. Sauteria 15:205–214.
   Google Scholar
• Diederich P, Scheidegger C. 1996. Reichlingia leopoldii gen. et sp. nov., a new lichenicolous hyphomycete from Central Europe. Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois 97:3–8.
   Google Scholar
• Earland-Bennett PM, Hawksworth DL. 2005. The first lichen-forming species of Psammina, P. palmata sp. nov., with notes on the status of Cheiromycina and Pycnopsammina. The Lichenologist 37:191–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman S. 1996. The corticolous and lignicolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina in North America. Opera Botanica 127:1–148.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman S, Tønsberg T. 2002. Most species of Lepraria and Leproloma form a monophyletic group closely related to Stereocaulon. Mycological Research 106:1262–1276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elix JA, Tønsberg T. 2004. Notes on the chemistry of some lichens, including four species of Lepraria. Graphis Scripta 16:43–45.
   Google Scholar
• Ertz D, Bungartz F, Diederich P, Tibell L. 2011. Molecular and morphological data place Blarneya in Tylophoron (Arthoniaceae). The Lichenologist 43:345–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertz D, Fischer E, Killmann D, Razafindrahaja T, Sérusiaux E. 2013. Savoronala, a new genus of Malmideaceae (Lecanorales) from Madagascar with stipes producing sporodochia. Mycological Progress 12:645–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertz D, Lawrey JD, Common RS, Diederich P. 2014. Molecular data resolve a new order of Arthoniomycetes sister to the primarily lichenized Arthoniales and composed of black yeasts, lichenicolous and rock-inhabiting species. Fungal Diversity 66:113–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertz D, Tehler A. 2011. The phylogeny of Arthoniales (Pezizomycotina) inferred from nucLSU and RPB2 sequences. Fungal Diversity 49:47–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etayo J. 1995. Two new species of lichenicolous fungi from the Pyrenees. Nova Hedwigia 61:189–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehrer J, Bayerová Š, Orange A. 2008. Large genetic divergence of new, morphologically similar species of sterile lichens from Europe (Lepraria, Stereocaulaceae, Ascomycota): concordance of DNA sequence data with secondary metabolites. Cladistics 24:443–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flakus A, Elix JA, Rodriguez P, Kukwa M. 2011. New species and records of Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America. The Lichenologist 43:57–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisch A, Thor G, Sheil D. 2014. Four new Arthoniomycetes from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda—supported by molecular data. Nova Hedwigia 98:295–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryday AM. 2001. The lichen vegetation associated with areas of late snow-lie in the Scottish Highlands. The Lichenologist 33:121–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryday AM, Schmitt I, Perez-Ortega S. 2017. The genus Endocena (Icmadophilaceae): DNA evidence suggests the same fungus forms different morphologies. The Lichenologist 49:347–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargas A, Taylor JW. 1992. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for amplifying, sequencing nuclear 18S rDNA from lichenized fungi. Mycologia 84:589–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafellner J. 2012. Lichenicolous Biota (Nos 101–120). Fritschiana 74:1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Hall TA. 1999. BioEdit: a user friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acid Symposia Series 41:95–98.
   Google Scholar
• Harris RC, Ladd D. 2007. New taxa of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Ozark Ecoregion. Opuscula Philolichenum 4:57–68.
   Google Scholar
• Hawksworth DL. 1979. The lichenicolous hyphomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 6:183–300.
   Google Scholar
• Hawksworth DL, Coppins BJ, James PW. 1979. Blarneya, a lichenized hyphomycete from southern Ireland. The Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 79:357–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawksworth DL, Poelt J. 1986. Five additional genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi from Europe. Plant Systematics and Evolution 154:195–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawksworth DL, Poelt J. 1990. A second lichen-forming species of Cheiromycina from Austria. The Lichenologist 22:219–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuchert B, Braun U. 2006. On some dematiaceous lichenicolous hyphomycetes. Herzogia 19:11–21.Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572e1574.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes SJ. 1953. Conidiophores, conidia and classification. Canadian Journal of Botany 31:577–657.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes SJ. 1958. Revisiones Hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. Canadian Journal of Botany 36:727–836.
   Google Scholar
• Huhndorf SM, Fernández FA. 2005. Teleomorph-anamorph connections: Chaetosphaeria raciborskii and related species, and their Craspedodidymum-like anamorphs. Fungal Diversity 19:23–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalb K, Rivas Plata E, Lücking R, Lumbsch HT. 2011. The phylogenetic position of Malmidea, a new genus for the Lecidea piperis- and Lecanora granifera-groups (Lecanorales, Malmideaceae), inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences, with special reference to Thai species. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 106:143–168
   Google Scholar
• Kukwa M. 2006. The lichen genus Lepraria in Poland. The Lichenologist 38:293–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lendemer JC. 2013. A monograph of the crustose members of the genus Lepraria Ach. s.str. (Stereocaulaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America north of Mexico. Opuscula Philolichenum 11:27–141.
   Google Scholar
• Lendemer JC, Harris RC. 2004. A checklist of the lichens collected on the 28th A. Leroy Andrews Foray. Evansia 21:88–100.
   Google Scholar
• Lendemer JC, Harris RC. 2015. Xyleborus nigricans, a second species for the previously monospecific genus newly found in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America. Bryologist 118:284–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lendemer JC, Hodkinson BP. 2012. Chirleja buckii, a new genus and species of lichenized-fungi from Tierra del Fuego, southern South America. New Zealand Journal of Botany 50:449–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu ZY, Yao YJ, Liang ZQ, Liu AY, Pegler DN, Chase MW. 2001. Molecular evidence for the anamorph—teleomorph connection in Cordyceps sinensis. Mycological Research 105:827–832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizel M, Crous PW, Groenewald JZE, Gams W, Summerbell C. 2003. Togninia (Calosphaeriales) is confirmed as teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility and DNA phylogeny. Mycologia 95:646–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lücking R, Hodkinson BP, Leavitt SD. 2017. The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota—approaching one thousand genera. The Bryologist 119:361–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason-Gamer RJ, Kellogg EA. 1996. Testing for phylogenetic conflict among molecular data sets in the tribe Triticeae (Gramineae). Systematic Biology 45:524–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercado Sierra A, Calduch M, Gené J, Guarro J, Delgado G. 2003. Digitomyces, a new genus of hyphomycetes with cheiroid conidia. Mycologia 95:860–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercado Sierra A, Mena Portales J. 1988. Nuevos o raros hifomicetes de Cuba. B. Un nuevo género sobre Roystonea regia. Acta Botanica Cubana 53:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Miadlikowska J, Kauff F, Högnabba F, Oliver JC, Molnár K, Fraker E, Otálora MA. 2014. A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79:132–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris EF, Finley DE. 1967. Two new genera of stilbellaceous fungi. The American Midland Naturalist 77:200–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muggia L, Baloch E, Stabentheiner E, Grube M, Wedin M. 2011. Photobiont association and genetic diversity of the optionally lichenized fungus Schizoxylon albescens. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75:255–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muggia L, Fernandez Brime S, Grube M, Wedin M. 2016. Schizoxylon as an experimental model for studying interkingdom symbiosis. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 92:fiw165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muggia L, Pérez-Ortega S, Fryday A, Spribille T, Grube M. 2014. Global assessment of genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in the lichen-forming species Tephromela atra. Fungal Diversity 64:233–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelsen MP, Gargas A. 2008. Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of secondary metabolites in the lichenized fungal genus Lepraria (Lecanorales: Stereocaulaceae). Nova Hedwigia 86:115–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page RDM. 1996. TREEVIEW: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Computational Application in Bioscience 12:357–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pérez-Ortega S, Suija A, de Los Rios A. 2011. The connection between Abrothallus and its anamorph state Vouauxiomyces established by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). The Lichenologist 43:277–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posada D, Crandall KA. 1998. Modeltest—testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Printzen C. 2007. New records of Cheiromycina species, a genus of lichenized hyphomycetes, with C. reimeri sp. nov. and a revised key to the species. Nova Hedwigia 84:261–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambaut A, Drummond A. 2007. Tracer. [cited 2007 Oct 11]. Available from: beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer
   Google Scholar
• Réblová M, Seifert KA. 2004. Conioscyphascus, a new ascomycetous genus for holomorphs with Conioscypha anamorphs. Studies in Mycology 50:95–108.
   Google Scholar
• Réblová M, Seifert KA. 2011. Discovery of the teleomorph of the hyphomycete, Sterigmatobotrys macrocarpa, and epitypification of the genus to holomorphic status. Studies in Mycology 68:193–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeb V, Lutzoni F, Roux C. 2004. Contribution of RPB2 to multilocus phylogenetic studies of the euascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Fungi) with special emphasis on the lichen-forming Acarosporaceae and evolution of polyspory. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32:1036–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds DR, Taylor JW. 1993. The fungal holomorph: mitotic, meiotic and pleomorphic speciation in fungal systematics. Oxon, UK: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP, Van der Mark P. 2005. MrBayes 3.1 manual. [cited 2005 May 26]. Available from: http://mrbayes.csit.fsu.edu/mb3.1_manual.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Saccardo PA. 1886. Sylloge fungorum 4. Patavia (Passau): Saccardo.
   Google Scholar
• Seifert KA, Kendrick B, Morgan-Jones G, Gams W. 2011. The genera of Hyphomycetes. Utrecht, The Netherlands: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. 997 p.
   Google Scholar
• Seifert KA, Okada G, Rao V. 1987. The synnematous hyphomycete Dictyocatenulata alba. Mycologia 79:459–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour F, Crittenden P, Dyer P. 2005. Sex in the extremes: lichen-forming fungi. Mycologist 19:51–58.
   Google Scholar
• Shenoy BD, Jeewon R, Hyde KD. 2007. Impact of DNA sequence-data on the taxonomy of anamorphic fungi. Fungal Diversity 26:1–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CW. 2009. Sclerococcum Fr. (1825). In: Smith CW, Aptroot A, Coppins BJ, Fletcher A, Gilbert OL, James PW, Wolseley PA, eds. The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: British Lichen Society. p. 837.
   Google Scholar
• Sodamuk M, Boonpragob K, Mongkolsuk P, Tehler A, Leavitt SD, Lumbsch HT. 2017. Kalbionora paleotropica, a new genus and species from coastal forest in South Asia and Australia (Malmideaceae, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 22:15–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatakis A, Ludwig T, Meier H. 2005. RAxML-iii: a fast program for maximum likelihood-based inference of large phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 21:456–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton BC. 1985. Notes on some deuteromycete genera with cheiroid or digitate brown conidia. Proceeding of the Indian Academy of Science (Plant Science) 94:229–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton BC, Carmaran CC, Romero AI. 1996. Ramoconidiifera, a new genus of hyphomycetes with cheiroid conidia from Argentina. Mycological Research 100:1337–1340.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton BC, Muhr L-E. 1986. Cheiromycina flabelliformis gen. et sp. nov. on Picea from Sweden. Nordic Journal of Botany 6:831–836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilgalys R, Hester M. 1990. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172:4238–4246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vobis G, Hawksworth DL. 1981. Conidial lichen-forming fungi. In: Cole GT, Kandrick WB, eds. The biology of conidial fungi 1. New York: Academic Press. p. 245–273.
   Google Scholar
• Wedin M, Döring H, Gilenstam G. 2004. Saprotrophy and lichenization as options for the same fungal species on different substrata: environmental plasticity and fungal lifestyles in the Stictis-Conotrema complex. New Phytologist 164:459–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedin M, Döring H, Gilenstam G. 2006. Stictis s. lat. (Ostropales, Ascomycotina) in northern Scandinavia, with a key and notes on morphological variation in relation to lifestyle. Mycological Research 110:773–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White TJ, Burns TD, Lee S, Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal DNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Snisky JJ, White TJ, eds. PCR protocols, a guide to methods and applications. San Diego, California: Academic Press. p. 315–322.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Stanosz GR. 2001. Primers for amplification of mtSSU rDNA, and a phylogenetic study of Botryosphaeria and associated anamorphic fungi. Mycological Research 105:1033–1044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhurbenko MP, Braun U, Heuchert B, Kobzeva AA. 2015. New lichenicolous hyphomycetes from Eurasia. Herzogia 28:584–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoller S, Scheidegger C, Sperisen C. 1999. PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes. The Lichenologist 31:511–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar