298
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Medical and Vetrinary Mycology

In vitro virulence determinants, comparative pathogenicity of Diutina (Candida) mesorugosa clinical isolates and literature review of the D. rugosa complex

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 395-407 | Received 26 Sep 2018, Accepted 18 Feb 2019, Published online: 15 Apr 2019

LITERATURE CITED

  • Adjapong G, Bartlett M, Hale M, Garrill A. 2016. The isolation of Candida rugosa and Candida mesorugosa from clinical samples in Ghana. Medical Mycology 54:322–326.
  • Álvarez-Martín P, Flórez AB, López-Díaz TM, Mayo B. 2007. Phenotypic and molecular identification of yeast species associated with Spanish blue-veined Cabrales cheese. International Dairy Journal 17:961–967.
  • Anthonsen HW, Baptista A, Drabløs F, Martel P, Petersen SB, Sebastião M, Vaz L 1995. Lipases and esterases: a review of their sequences, structure and evolution. Biotechnology Annual Review 1:315–371.
  • Arendrup MC, Boekhout T, Akova M, Meis JF, Cornely OA, Lortholary O. 2014. ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20:76–98.
  • Arendrup MC, Bruun B, Christensen JJ, Fuursted K, Johansen HK, Kjaeldgaard P, Dahl Knudsen J, Kristensen L, Moller J, Nielsen L, Schonning Rosenvinge F, Roder B, Schonheyder HC, Thomsen MK, Truberg, K. 2011. National surveillance of fungemia in Denmark (2004 to 2009). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49:325–334.
  • Arisoy ES, Correa A, Seilheimer DK, Kaplan SL. 1993. Candida rugosa central venous catheter infection in a child. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 12:961–963.
  • Azevedo AC, Bizerra FC, da Matta DA, de Almeida LP, Rosas R, Colombo AL. 2011. In vitro susceptibility of a large collection of Candida strains against fluconazole and voriconazole by using the CLSI disk diffusion assay. Mycopathologia 171:411–416.
  • Behera B, Singh RI, Xess I, Mathur P, Hasan F, Misra MC. 2010. Candida rugosa: a possible emerging cause of candidaemia in trauma patients. Infection 38:387–393.
  • Butinar L, Strmole T, Gunde-Cimerman N. 2011. Relative incidence of ascomycetous yeasts in Arctic coastal environments. Microbial Ecology 61:832–843.
  • Capoor MR, Gupta DK, Verma PK, Sachdeva HC. 2015. Rare yeasts causing fungemia in immunocompromised and haematology patients: case series from Delhi. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 33:576–579.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Algorithm to identify Candida auris based on phenotypic laboratory method and initial species identification. [cited 2018 Dec 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/pdf/Testing-algorithm-by-Method-temp.pdf
  • Chakrabarti A, Nayak N, Talwar P. 1991. In vitro proteinase production by Candida species. Mycopathologia 114:163–168.
  • Chakrabarti A, Sood P, Rudramurthy SM, Chen S, Kaur H, Capoor M, Chhina D, Rao R, Eshware VK, Xess I, Kindo AJ, Umabala P, Savio J, Patel A, Ray U, Mohan S, Iyer R, Chander J, Arora A, Sardana R, Roy I, Appalaraju B, Sharma A, Shetty A, Khanna N, Marak R, Biswas S, Das S, Harish BN, Joshi S, Mendiratta, D. 2015. Incidence, characteristics and outcome of ICU-acquired candidemia in India. Intensive Care Medicine 41:285–295.
  • Chaves GM, Terçarioli GR, Padovan ACB, Rosas RC, Ferreira RC, Melo ASA, Colombo AL. 2013. Candida mesorugosa sp. nov., a novel yeast species similar to Candida rugosa, isolated from a tertiary hospital in Brazil. Medical Mycology 51:231–242.
  • Chen SCA, Marriott D, Playford EG, Nguyen Q, Ellis D, Meyer W, Sorrell TC, Slavin M, the Australian Candidemia Study. 2009. Candidaemia with uncommon Candida species: predisposing factors, outcome, antifungal susceptibility, and implications for management. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 15:662–669.
  • Chen S, Slavin M, Nguyen Q, Marriott D, Playford EG, Ellis D, Sorrell T. 2006. Active surveillance for candidemia, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:1508–1516.
  • Chin VK, Foong KJ, Maha A, Rusliza B, Norhafizah M, Ng KP, Chong PP. 2013. Candida albicans isolates from a Malaysian hospital exhibit more potent phospholipase and haemolysin activities than non-albicans Candida isolates. Tropical Biomedicine 30:654–662.
  • Chitasombat MN, Kofteridis DP, Jiang Y, Tarrand J, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. 2012. Rare opportunistic (non-Candida, non-Cryptococcus) yeast bloodstream infections in patients with cancer. Journal of Infection 64:68–75.
  • Chowdhary A, Anil Kumar V, Sharma C, Prakash A, Agarwal K, Babu R, Dinesh KR, Karim S, Singh SK, Hagen F, Meis JF. 2014. Multidrug-resistant endemic clonal strain of Candida auris in India. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 33:919–926.
  • CLSI [Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute]. 2017a. Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts M60. 1st ed. Wayne, Pennsylvania: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
  • CLSI [Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute]. 2017b. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts M27. 4th ed. Wayne, Pennsylvania: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
  • Colombo AL, Azevedo Melo AS, Crespo Rosas RF, Salomão R, Briones M, Hollis RJ, Messer SA, Pfaller MA. 2003a. Outbreak of Candida rugosa candidemia: an emerging pathogen that may be refractory to amphotericin B therapy. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 46:253–257.
  • Colombo AL, de Almeida Júnior JN, Guinea J. 2017. Emerging multidrug-resistant Candida species. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 30:528–538.
  • Colombo AL, Nakagawa Z, Valdetaro F, Branchini MLM, Kussano EJU, Nucci M. 2003b. Susceptibility profile of 200 bloodstream isolates of Candida spp. collected from Brazilian tertiary care hospitals. Medical Mycology 41:235–239.
  • Colombo AL, Nucci M, Salomão R, Branchini MLM, Richtmann R, Derossi A, Wey SB. 1999. High rate of non-albicans candidemia in Brazilian tertiary care hospitals. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 34:281–286.
  • Cornely OA, Gachot B, Akan H, Bassetti M, Uzun O, Kibbler C, Marchetti O, de Burghgraeve P, Ramadan S, Pylkkanen L, Ameye L, Paesmans M, Donnelly PJ, the EORTC Infectious Diseases Group. 2015. Epidemiology and outcome of fungemia in a cancer cohort of the Infectious Diseases Group (IDG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC 65031). Clinical Infectious Diseases 61:324–331.
  • Crawshaw WM, MacDonald NR, Duncan G. 2005. Outbreak of Candida rugosa mastitis in a dairy herd after intramammary antibiotic treatment. Veterinary Record 156:812–813.
  • da Matta DA, de Almeida LP, Machado AM, Azevedo AC, Ura Kusano EJ, Fracalanza Travassos N, Salomao R, Colombo AL. 2007. Antifungal susceptibility of 1000 Candida bloodstream isolates to 5 antifungal drugs: results of a multicenter study conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1995–2003. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 57:399–404.
  • Dib JC, Dubé M, Kelly C, Rinaldi MG, Patterson JE. 1996. Evaluation of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis as a typing system for Candida rugosa: comparison of karyotype and restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34:1494–1496.
  • Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken LB, Hollis RJ, Kroeger J, Tendolkar S, Pfaller MA. 2009. In vitro activity of seven systemically active antifungal agents against a large global collection of rare Candida species as determined by CLSI broth microdilution methods. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47:3170–3177.
  • Dion WM, Dukes TW. 1982. Candida rugosa: experimental mastitis in a dairy cow. Sabouraudia 20:95–100.
  • Domínguez de María P, Sánchez-Montero JM, Sinisterra JV, Alcántara AR. 2006. Understanding Candida rugosa lipases: an overview. Biotechnology Advances 24:180–196.
  • Dubé MP, Heseltine PNR, Rinaldi MG, Evans S, Zawacki B. 1994. Fungemia and colonization with nystatin resistant Candida rugosa in a burn unit. Clinical Infectious Diseases 18:77–82.
  • Eggimann P, Garbino J, Pittet D. 2003. Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infectious Diseases 3:685–702.
  • Espinel-Ingroff A, Pfaller MA, Bustamante B, Canton E, Fothergill A, Fuller J, Gonzalez GM, Lass-Flörl C, Lockhart SR, Martin-Mazuelos E, Meis JF, Melhem MSC, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Pelaez T, Szeszs MW, St-Germain G, Bonfietti LX, Guarro J, Turnidge J. 2014. Multilaboratory study of epidemiological cutoff values for detection of resistance in eight Candida species to fluconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58:2006–2012.
  • Fernández-Ruiz M, Guinea J, Puig-Asensio M, Zaragoza Ó, Almirante B, Cuenca-Estrella M, Aguado JM, CANDIDOP Project, GEIH-GEMICOMED (SEIMC), REIPI. 2017. Fungemia due to rare opportunistic yeasts: data from a population-based surveillance in Spain. Medical Mycology 55:125–136.
  • Fongsmut T, Deeprochanawong C, Prachyabrued W. 1998. Intraoral candida in Thai diabetes patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 81:449–453.
  • Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, Mingo DE, Suda KJ, Turpin RS, Bearden DT. 2006. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 43:25–31.
  • González GM, Elizondo M, Ayala J. 2008. Trends in species distribution and susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida collected in Monterrey, Mexico, to seven antifungal agents: results of a 3-year (2004 to 2007) surveillance study. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46:2902–2905.
  • Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton JW, Stoodley P. 2004. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2:95–108.
  • Hanzen J, Krcmery V. 2002. Polyfungal candidaemia due to Candida rugosa and Candida pelliculosa in a haemodialyzed neonate. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 34:555.
  • Hernandez S, González GM, McCarthy DI, Colombo AL, Najvar LK, Bocanegra R, Graybill JR. 2004. Alternatives to amphotericin B for Candida rugosa infection. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 54:477–480.
  • Hrabovský V, Taká V, Schréterová E, Pastvová L, Hrabovská Z, Katarina Č, Siegfried L. 2017. Distribution and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolates from intensive care unit patients. Folia Microbiologica 62:525–530.
  • Jain N, Mathur P, Misra MC, Behera B, Xess I, Sharma SP. 2012. Rapid identification of yeast isolates from clinical specimens in critically ill trauma ICU patients. Journal of Laboratory Physicians 4:30–34.
  • Khunnamwong P, Lertwattanasakul N, Jindamorakot S, Limtonh S, Lachance MA. 2015. Description of Diutina gen. nov., Diutina siamensis, f.a. sp. nov., and reassignment of Candida catenulata, Candida mesorugosa, Candida neorugosa, Candida pseudorugosa, Candida ranongensis, Candida rugosa and Candida scorzettiae to the genus Diutina. International Journal of Systemic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65:4701–4709.
  • Kocygit I, Unal A, Sipahioglu MH, Tokgoz B, Oymak O, Utas C. 2010. Peritonitis due to Candida rugosa: the first case report. Peritoneal Dialysis International 30:576–577.
  • Krcmery V, Barnes AJ. 2002. Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. Journal of Hospital Infection 50:243–260.
  • Krcmery V, Mrazova M, Kunova A, Grey E, Mardiak J, Jurga L, Sabo A, Sufliarsky J, Sevcikova L, Sorkovska D, West D, Trupl J, Novotny J, Mateicka F. 1999. Nosocomial candidaemias due to species other than Candida albicans in cancer patients. Aetiology, risk factors, and outcome of 45 episodes within 10 years in a single cancer institution. Support Care Cancer 7:428–431.
  • Li J, Xu YC, Bai FY. 2006. Candida pseudorugosa sp. nov., a novel yeast species from sputum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44:4486–4490.
  • Luo G, Samaranayak, LP, Yau JYY. 2001. Candida species exhibit differential in vitro hemolytic activities. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39:2971–2974.
  • Madhavan P, Jamal F, Chong PP, Ng KP. 2010. In vitro activity of fluconazole and voriconazole against clinical isolates of Candida spp. by E-test method. Tropical Biomedicine 27:200–207.
  • Madhavan P, Jamal F, Pei CP, Othman F, Karunanidhi A, Ng KP. 2018. Comparative study of the effects of fluconazole and voriconazole on Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida rugosa biofilms. Mycopathologia 183:499–511.
  • Martins CHG, Pires RH, Cunha AO, Pereira CAM, Singulani JL, Abrao F, de Moraes T, Mendes-Giannini MJS. 2016. Candida/Candida biofilms. First description of dual-species Candida albicans/C. rugosa biofilm. Fungal Biology 120:530–537.
  • Mathur P, Hasan F, Singh P, Malhotra R, Walia K, Chowdhary A. 2018. Five-year profile of candidaemia at an Indian trauma centre: high rates of Candida auris blood stream infections. Mycoses 61:674–680.
  • Melo AS, Bizerra FC, Freymüller E, Arthington-Skaggs BA, Colombo AL. 2011. Biofilm production and evaluation of antifungal susceptibility amongst clinical Candida spp. isolates, including strains of the Candida parapsilosis complex. Medical Mycology 49:253–262.
  • Minces LR, Ho KS, Veldkamp PJ, Clancy CJ. 2009. Candida rugosa: a distinctive emerging cause of candidaemia: a case report and review of the literature. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 41:892–897.
  • Ming C, Huang J, Wang Y, Lv Q, Zhou B, Liu T, Cao Y, van den Ende BG, Al-Hatmi AMS, Ahmed SA, Huang G, Bai F, de Hoog S, Kang Y. 2018. Revision of the medically relevant species of the yeast genus Diutina. Medical Mycology 57:226–233.
  • Mohammadi R, Badiee P, Badali H, Abastabar M, Safa AH, Hadipour M, Yazdani H, Heshmat F. 2015. Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to identify Candida species, related to onychomycosis. Advanced Biomedical Research, 4:95.
  • Mohammadi R, Mirhendi H, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Ghahri M, Shidfar R, Jalalizand N, Makimura K. 2013. Molecular identification and distribution profile of Candida species isolated from Iranian patients. Medical Mycology 51:657–663.
  • Montoya AM, Sánchez González A, Palma-Nicolás JP, Gómez-Treviño A, González JG, González GM. 2015. Genotyping, extracellular compounds, and antifungal susceptibility testing of Trichosporon asahii isolated from Mexican patients. Medical Mycology 53:505–511.
  • Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B. 2003. Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67:400–428.
  • Nayak AP, Green BJ, Beezhold DH. 2013. Fungal hemolysins. Medical Mycology 51:1–16.
  • Ng KP, Madasamy M, Saw TL, Baki A, He J, Soo-Hoo TS. 1999. Candida biotypes isolated from clinical specimens in Malaysia. Mycopathologia 144:135–140.
  • Nogueira de Melo AC, Dornelas-Ribeiro M, Paraguai De Souza E, Macrae A, Longo Fracalanzza SE, Vermelho AB. 2007. Peptidase profiles from non-albicans Candida spp. isolated from the blood of a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia and another with sickle cell disease. FEMS Yeast Research 7:1004–1012.
  • Oberoi JK, Wattal C, Goel N, Raveendran R, Datta S, Prasad K. 2012. Non-albicans Candida species in blood stream infections in a tertiary care hospital at New Delhi, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 136:997–1003.
  • Orlandi Sardi JC, de Souza Pitangui N, Rodríguez-Arellanes G, Taylor ML, Fusco-Almeida AM, Soares Mendes-Giannini MJ. 2014. Highlights in pathogenic fungal biofilms. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología 31:22–29.
  • Padovan ACB, Melo ASA, Colombo AL. 2013. Systematic review and new insights into the molecular characterization of the Candida rugosa species complex. Fungal Genetics and Biology 61:33–41.
  • Pappas PG, Rex JH, Lee J, Hamill RJ, Larsen RA, Powderly W, Kauffman CA, Hyslop N, Mangino JE, Chapman S, Horowitz HW, Edwards JE, Dismukes EW, the NIAID Mycoses Study Group. 2003. A prospective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 37:634–643.
  • Paredes K, Sutton DA, Cano J, Fothergill AW, Lawhon SD, Zhang S, Watkins JP, Guarro J. 2012. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of the Candida rugosa species complex and proposal of the new species Candida neorugosa. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 50:2397–2403.
  • Perlin DS. 2015. Echinocandin resistance in Candida. Clinical Infectious Diseases 61:612–617.
  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, Newell VA, Ellis D, Tullio V, Rodloff A, Fu W, Ling TA, the Global Antifunal Surveillance Group. 2010. Results from the ARTMEIS DISK global antifungal surveillance study, 1997 to 2007: a 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species to fluconazole and voriconazole as determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48:1366–1377.
  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Jones RN. 2003. In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, and four licensed systemic antifungal agents against Candida species infrequently isolated from blood. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41:78–83.
  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Jones RN. 2004. In vitro susceptibilities of rare Candida bloodstream isolates to ravuconazole and three comparative antifungal agents. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 48:101–105.
  • Pires-Gonçalves RH, Toscano Miranda E, Baeza LC, Matsumoto MT, Zaia JE, Soares Mendes-Giannini MJ. 2007. Genetic relatedness of commensal strains of Candida albicans carried in the oral cavity of patients’ dental prosthesis users in Brazil. Mycopathologia 164:255–263.
  • Price MF, Wilkinson ID, Gentry LO. 1982. Plate method for detection of phospholipase activity in Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 20:7–14.
  • Pugh D, Cawson RA. 1977. The cytochemical localization of phospholipase in Candida albicans infecting the chick chorio-allantoic membrane. Sabouraudia 15:44–51.
  • Redkar RJ, Dubé MP, McCleskey FK, Rinaldi MG, DelVecchio VG. 1996. DNA fingerprinting of Candida rugosa via repetitive sequence-based PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34:1677–1681.
  • Reinhardt JF, Ruane PJ, Walker LJ, George WL. 1985. Intravenous catheter-associated fungemia due to Candida rugosa. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 22:1056–1057.
  • Richard JL, McDonald JS, Fichtner RE, Anderson AJ. 1980. Identification of yeasts from infected bovine mammary glands and their experimetnal infectivity in cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41:1991–1994.
  • Richini-Pereira VB, Pires de Camargo RM, Bagagli E, Marques SA. 2012. White piedra: molecular identification of Trichosporon inkin in members of the same family. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 45:402–404.
  • Rodero L, Davel G, Soria M, Vivot W, Córdoba S, Canteros CE, Saporiti A. 2005. [Estudio multicéntrico de fungemias por levaduras en la República Argentina]. Revista Argentina de Microbiología 37:189–195.
  • Sanchis M, Sutton DA, Wiederhold NP, Guarro J, Capilla J. 2016. Efficacy of echinocandins against murine infections by Diutina (Candida) rugosa. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 86:61–65.
  • Sanguinetti M, Posteraro B, Lass-Flörl C. 2015. Antifungal drug resistance among Candida species: mechanisms and clinical impact. Mycoses 58:2–13.
  • Santhanam J, Yahaya N, Aziz MN. 2013. Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species: is low susceptibility to itraconazole a trend in Malaysia? Medical Journal of Malaysia 68:343–347.
  • Scaccabarozzi L, Locatelli C, Pisoni G, Manarolla G, Casula A, Bronzo V, Moroni P. 2011. Epidemiology and genotyping of Candida rugosa strains responsible for persistent intramammary infections in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94:4574–4577.
  • Şeker E. 2010. Identification of Candida species isolated from bovine mastitic milk and their in vitro hemolytic activity in western Turkey. Mycopathologia 169:303–308.
  • Serda Kantarcioglu A, Yücel A. 2002. Phospholipase and protease activities in clinical Candida isolates with reference to the sources of strains. Mycoses 45:160–165.
  • Sharma Y, Chumber SK, Kaur M. 2017. Studying the prevalence, species distribution, and detection of in vitro production of phospholipase from Candida isolated from cases of invasive candidiasis. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 9:8–11.
  • Shenoy S, Samuga M, Urs S, Anuradha KM, Kurian MM, Agustine A, Anand AR, Prasad A. 1996. Intravenous catheter-related Candida rugosa fungaemia. Tropical Doctor 26:31.
  • Singh RI, Xess I, Mathur P, Behera B, Gupta B, Misra MC. 2011. Epidemiology of candidaemia in critically ill trauma patients: experiences of a level I trauma centre in North India. Journal of Medical Microbiology 60:342–348.
  • Slifkin M. 2000. Tween 80 opacity test responses of various Candida species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38:4626–4628.
  • Sugar AM, Stevens DA. 1985. Candida rugosa in immunocompromised infection. Case reports, drug susceptibility, and review of the literature. Cancer 56:318–320.
  • Taj-Aldeen SJ, AbdulWahab A, Kolecka A, Deshmukh A, Meis JF, Boekhout T. 2014. Uncommon opportunistic yeast bloodstream infections from Qatar. Medical Mycology 52:552–556.
  • Tak V, Mathur P, Varghese P, Gunjiyal J, Xess I, Misra MC. 2014. The epidemiological profile of candidemia at an Indian trauma care center. Journal of Laboratory Physicians 6:96–101.
  • Tan TY, Hsu LY, Alejandria MM, Chaiwarith R, Chinniah T, Chayakulkleeree M, Choudhury S, Chen YH, Shin JH, Kiratisin P, Mendoza M, Prabhu K, Supparatpinyo K, Tan AL, Phan XT, Tran TTN, Nguyen GB, Doan MP, Huynh VA, Nguyen SMT, Tran TB, Pham HV. 2016. Antifungal susceptibility of invasive Candida bloodstream isolates from the Asia-Pacific region. Medical Mycology 54:471–477.
  • Taverna CG, Córdoba S, Isla G, Fernández N, García S, Mazza M, Murisengo OA, Vivot W, Szusz W, Davel G, Tiraboschi IN, Bosco-Borgeat ME. 2012. First case report of bloodstream infection due to a Candida species closely related to the novel species Candida pseudorugosa. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 50:2165–2169.
  • Tay ST, Tan HW, Na SL, Lim SL. 2011. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of two closely related subgroups of Candida rugosa in clinical specimens. Journal of Medical Microbiology 60:1591–1597.
  • Testore GP, Falco F, Sarrecchia C, Sordillo P, Bontempo G, Andreoni M. 2001. Two-year surveillance on fluconazole susceptibility of Candida spp isolates in a general and university hospital in Rome. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 41:23–27.
  • Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Proft T. 2016. Galleria mellonela infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing. Virulence 7:214–229.
  • Villamil Cajoto I, Rodríguez Otero L, García-Zabarte Casal MA. 2010. Fungemia por Candida rugosa: un nuevo caso de infección emergente. Revista Chilena de Infectología 27:87–88.
  • Westblade LF, Jennemann R, Branda JA, Bythrow M, Ferraro MJ, Garner OB, Ginocchio CC, Lewinski MA, Manji R, Mochon AB, Procop GW, Richter SS, Rychert JA, Sercia L, Burnham CAD. 2013. Multiicenter study evaluating the Vitek MS System for indetification of medically important yeasts. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51:2267–2272.
  • Yücesoy M, Marol S. 2003. [Determination of esterase activity of Candida varieties]. Mikrobiyoloii Bülteni 37:59–63.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.