Effects of fertiliser application on nutrient status and organic matter content of hill soils

References

• Betteridge , K. , Mackay , A. D. , Shepherd , T. G. , Barker , D. J. , Budding , P. J. , Devantier , B. P. and Costall , D. A. 1999 . Effect of cattle and sheep treading on surface configuration of a sedimentary hill soil . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 37 : 743 – 760 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , G. R. and Hartge , K. H. 1986 . “ Bulk density ” . In Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Klute , A. Madison : Soil Science Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Bolan , N. S. , Hedley , M. H. and White , R. E. 1991 . Processes of soil acidification during nitrogen cycling with emphasis on legume based pastures . Plant and Soil , 134 : 53 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carran , R. A. and Theobold , P. W. 1995 . Nitrogen cycle processes and acidification of soils in grazed pastures receiving or not receiving excreta for 23 years . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 33 : 525 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D. A. , Lambert , M. G. and Grant , D. A. 1986 . Influence of fertiliser and grazing management on North Island hill country. 5. Animal production . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 26 : 407 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee , G. W. and Bauder , J. W. 1986 . “ Particle size analysis ” . In Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Klute , A. Madison : Soil Science Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Gillingham , A. G. and During , C. 1973 . Pasture production and transfer of fertility within a long‐established hill pasture . New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture , I : 227 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , D. A. and Lambert , M. G. 1979 . Nitrogen fixation in pasture V. Unimproved North Island hill country, “Ballantrae” . New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 7 : 19 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes , R. J. and Williams , P. H. 1993 . Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem . Advances in Agronomy , 49 : 119 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt , A. E. 1998 . New Zealand Soil Classification. , 2nd ed. , Landcare Research Science Series I
   Google Scholar
• Jackman , R. H. 1960 . Pasture and soil improvement . Proceedings of the New Zealand Soil Science Society , 4 : 24 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackman , R. H. 1964 . Accumulation of organic matter in some New Zealand soils under permanent pasture. 1. Patterns of change of organic carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 7 : 445 – 471 .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. 1986 . Earthworms in southern North Island hill pastures . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 47 : 279 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. 1987 . Nitrogen fixation during improvement of North Island hill country pastures . New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 15 : 267 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. and Grant , D. A. 1980 . Fertiliser and lime effects on some southern North Island hill pastures . New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 8 : 223 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. and Roberts , E. 1978 . Aspect differences in an unimproved hill country pasture II. Edaphic and biotic differences . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 21 : 255 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. , Renton , S. W. and Grant , D. A. 1982 . “ Nitrogen balances in some North Island hill pastures ” . In Nitrogen balances in New Zealand ecosystems , Edited by: Gandar , P. W. 35 – 39 . Palmerston North : DSIR .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. , Clark , D. A. , Grant , D. A. , Costall , D. A. and Fletcher , R. W. 1983 . Influence of fertiliser and grazing management on North Island hill country. 1. Herbage accumulation . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 26 : 95 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. , Devantier , B. P. , Nes , P. and Penny , P. E. 1985 . Losses of nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment in runoff from hill country under different fertiliser and grazing management regimes . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 28 : 371 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. , Clark , D. A. , Grant , D. A. and Costall , D. A. 1986 . Influence of fertiliser and grazing management on North Island hill country. 2. Pasture botanical composition . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 29 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. , Clark , D. A. and Mackay , A. D. 1990 . Long‐term effects of withholding phosphate application on North Island hill country: Ballantrae . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 51 : 25 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , M. G. , Barker , D. J. , Mackay , A. D. and Springett , J. 1996 . Biophysical indicators of sustainability of North Island hill pasture systems . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 57 : 31 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , E. B. 1970 . Grasslands of New Zealand , Wellington : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Mackay , A. D. , Lambert , M. G. , Trolove , S. N. and Costall , D. A. 1995 . Effect of long‐term fertiliser use and sheep grazing on the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in a hill soil. Fertiliser requirements of grazed pastures and field crops: macro‐ and micro‐nutrients . Massey University Fertiliser and Lime Research Centre Occasional Report , 8 : 206 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• McCaskill , L. W. 1973 . Hold this land: A history of soil conservation in New Zealand Edited by: Wellington , A. H. and Reed , A. W.
   Google Scholar
• Morton , J. D. , Roberts , A. C. H. and Edmeades , D. C. 1994 . Fertiliser use on sheep and beef farms , 38 New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers Research Association .
   Google Scholar
• Nes , P. 1979 . Routine measurement of total sulphur in biological material . New Zealand Journal of Science , 22 : 269 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen , M. L. and Goh , K. M. 1990 . Accumulation of soil sulphur fractions in grazed pastures receiving long‐term superphosphate applications . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 33 : 111 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen , S. R. , Cole , C. V. , Wanatabe , F. S. and Dean , L. A. 1954 . Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium hydrogen carbonate . United States Department of Agriculture Circular 939 ,
   Google Scholar
• Parfitt , R. L. , Theng , B. K. G. , Whitton , J. S. and Shepherd , T. G. 1997 . Effects of clay minerals and land use on organic matter pools . Geoderma , 75 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrott , K. W. and Sarathchandra , S. U. 1987 . Nutrient and organic matter levels in a range of New Zealand soils under established pasture . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 30 : 249 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radcliffe , J. E. 1968 . Soil conditions on tracked hillside pastures . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 11 : 359 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumball , P. J. and Esler , A. E. 1968 . Pasture pattern on grazed slopes . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 11 : 575 – 588 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saggar , S. , Mackay , A. D. , Hedley , M. J. , Lambert , M. G. and Clark , D. A. 1990 . A nutrient transfer model to explain the fate of phosphorus and sulphur in a grazed hill country pasture . Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment , 30 : 295 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saggar , S. , Hedley , C and Mackay , A. D. 1997 . Partitioning and translocation of photosynthetically fixed 14C in grazed hill pastures . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 25 : 152 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakadevan , K. , Mackay , A. D. and Hedley , M. J. 1993 . Sulphur cycling in New Zealand hill country pastures. II. The fate of fertiliser sulphur . Journal of Soil Science , 44 : 615 – 624 .
   Google Scholar
• Salinger , M. J. , Hay , J. , McGann , R. and Fitzharris , B. 1993 . Southwest Pacific temperatures: diurnal and seasonal trends . Geophysical Research Letters , 20 : 935 – 938 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , W. M. H. 1965 . Phosphate retention by New Zealand soils and its relationship to free sesquioxides, organic matter and other soil properties . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 8 : 30 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Saunders , W. M. H. and Williams , E. G. 1955 . Observations on the determination of total organic phosphorus in soils . Journal of Soil Science , 6 : 254 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair , A. G. , Edmeades , D. C. and Ledgard , S. F. The influence of phosphorus, sulphur and nitrogen fertilisers on acidification in pastoral soils . Proceedings of the New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Research Association Conference . 1993 . pp. 106 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparling , G. P. , Whale , K. N. and Ramsay , A. J. 1985 . Quantifying the contribution from the soil microbial biomass to the extractable P levels of fresh and air‐dried soils . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 23 : 613 – 621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparling , G. P. , Hart , P. B. S. , August , J. A. and Leslie , D. M. 1994 . A comparison of soil and microbial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents, and micro‐aggregate stability of a soil under native forest and after clearance for pastures and plantation forestry . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 17 : 91 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbergs , A. 1954 . A method for the determination of total sulphur in soils . Analyst , 80 : 457 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suckling , F. E. T. 1975 . Pasture management trials on unploughable hill country at Te Awa. 3. Results for 1959–69 . New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 3 : 351 – 436 .
   Google Scholar
• Trustrum , N. A. , Thomas , V. J. and Lambert , M. G. 1984 . Soil slip erosion as a constraint to hill pasture production . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 49 : 66 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , T. W. , Thapa , B. K. and Adams , A. F. R. 1959 . Studies on soil organic matter: 3. Accumulation of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, organic and total phosphorus in improved grassland soils . Soil Science , 87 : 135 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C. H. and Twine , J. R. 1967 . Determination of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium in plant material by automatic analysis , CSIRO Division of Plant Industry Technical Paper 24
   Google Scholar