Calculating nitrogen leaching losses and critical nitrogen application rates in dairy pasture systems using a semi‐empirical model

References

• Addiscott , T. M. 1996 . “ Fertilizers and nitrate leaching ” . In Agricultural chemicals and the environment , Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Edited by: Hester , R. E. and Harrison , R. M. Vol. 5 , 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergstrom , L. and Jarvis , N. J. 1991 . Prediction of nitrate leaching losses from arable land under different fertilization intensities using the SOIL‐SOIL N models . Soil Use and Management , 7 : 79 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Cameron , K. C. , Rate , A. W. , Carey , P. L. and Smith , N. P. 1995 . Fate of nitrogen in pig effluent applied to a shallow stony pasture soil . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 38 : 533 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , K. C. , Rate , A. W. , Noonan , M. J. , Moore , S. , Smith , N. S. and Kerr , L. E. 1996 . Lysimeter study of the fate of nutrients following subsurface injection and surface application of dairy pond sludge to pasture . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 58 : 187 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , K. C. , Di , H. J. and McLaren , R. G. 1997 . Is soil an appropriate dumping ground for our wastes? . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 35 : 995 – 1035 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , K. C. , Di , H. J. and McLaren , R. G. 1999 . “ Comparison of nitrogen leaching losses from different forms and rates of organic wastes, fertilisers and animal urine applied to Templeton soil lysimeters ” . In Best soil management practices for production , Edited by: Currie , L. 241 – 249 . Palmerston North, , New Zealand : Massey University .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , P. L. , Rate , A. W. and Cameron , K. C. 1997 . Fate of nitrogen in pig slurry applied to a New Zealand pasture soil . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 35 : 941 – 959 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clothier , B. E. and Sauer , T. J. 1988 . Nitrogen transport during drip fertigation with urea . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 52 : 345 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di , H. J. , Cameron , K. C. , Moore , S. and Smith , N. P. 1998a . Nitrate leaching from dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertiliser applied to a free‐draining pasture soil under spray or flood irrigation . New Zealand Journal Agricultural Research , 41 : 263 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di , H. J. , Cameron , K. C. , Moore , S. and Smith , N. P. 1998b . Nitrate leaching and pasture yields following the application of dairy shed effluent or ammonium fertilizer under spray or flood irrigation: results of a lysimeter study . Soil Use and Management , 14 : 209 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di , H. J. , Cameron , K. C. , Moore , S. and Smith , N. P. 1999 . Contributions to nitrogen leaching and pasture uptake by autumn‐applied dairy effluent and ammonium fertilizer labeled with I5N isotope . Plant and Soil , 210 : 189 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Community . 1991 . Council directive of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources , Brussels : European Community . 91/676/ECC. Legislation 1375/1–1375/8.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes , R. J. and Williams , P. H. 1993 . Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem . Advances in Agronomy , 49 : 119 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt , A. E. 1998 . New Zealand Soil Classification. , 2nd ed. , Lincoln, Canterbury : Manaaki Whenua Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hutson , J. L. and Wagenet , R. J. 1992 . Leaching estimation and chemistry model, a process‐based model of water and solute movement, transformation, plant uptake and chemical reactions in the unsaturated zone, Version 3 , Department of Soil, Crop and Atmospheric Sciences Research Series 92–3 Ithaca, New York : Cornell University .
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis , S. C. 1993 . Nitrogen cycling and losses from dairy farms . Soil Use and Management , 9 : 99 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandeler , E. , Eder , G. and Sobitik , M. 1994 . Microbial biomass, N mineralization and the activities of various enzymes in relation to nitrate leaching and root distribution in a slurry amended grassland . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 18 : 7 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kear , B. S. , Gibbs , H. S. and Miller , R. B. 1967 . Soils of the downs and plains. Canterbury and North Otago, New Zealand . New Zealand Soil Bureau Bulletin , 14
   Google Scholar
• Ledgard , S. R. , Brier , G. J. and Upsdell , M. P. 1990 . Effect of clover cultivar on production and nitrogen fixation in clover‐rygrass swards under dairy cow grazing . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 33 : 143 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Ledgard , S. F. , Sprosen , M. S. , Brier , G. J. , Nemaia , E. K. K. and Clark , D. A. 1996 . Nitrogen inputs and losses from New Zealand dairy farmlets, as affected by nitrogen fertilizer application: year one . Plant and Soil , 181 : 65 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M AFF . 1991 . Code for good agricultural practice for the protection of water , London : Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food .
   Google Scholar
• McLay , C. D. A. , Cameron , K. C. and McLaren , R. G. 1991 . Effect of time of application and continuity of rainfall on leaching of surface‐applied nutrients . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 29 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruz‐Jerez , B. E. , White , R. E. and Ball , P. R. 1995 . A comparison of nitrate leaching under clover‐based pastures and nitrogen‐fertilized grass grazed by sheep . Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge , 125 : 361 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryden , J. C. , Ball , P. R. and Garwood , E. A. 1984 . Nitrate leaching from grassland . Nature (London) , 311 : 50 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholefield , D. , Lockyer , D. R. , Whitehead , D. C. and Tyson , K. C. 1991 . A model to predict transformation and losses of nitrogen in UK pastures grazed by beef cattle . Plant and Soil , 132 : 165 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholefield , D. , Tyson , D. C. , Garwood , E. A. , Armstrong , A. C. , Hawkins , J. and Stone , A. C. 1993 . Nitrate leaching from grazed grassland lysi‐meters: Effects of fertilizer input, field drainage, age of sward and patterns of weather . Journal of Soil Science , 44 : 601 – 613 .
   Google Scholar
• Silva , R. G. , Cameron , K. C. , Di , H. J. and Hendry , T. 1999 . A lysimeter study of the impact of cow urine, dairy shed effluent and nitrogen fertilizer on drainage water quality . A ustralian Journal of Soil Research , 37 : 357 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snedecor , G. W. and Cochran , W. G. 1980 . Statistical methods. , 7th ed. , Iowa : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Soil Survey Staff . 1998 . Keys to soil taxonomy. , 8th ed. , Washington, DC : United States Department of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Spalding , R. F. and Exner , M. E. 1993 . Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater ‐ A review . Journal of Environmental Quality , 22 : 392 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout , W. L. , Fales , S. A. , Muller , L. D. , Schnabel , R. R. , Priddy , W. E. and Elwinger , G. F. 1997 . Nitrate leaching from cattle urine feces in Northeast USA . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 61 : 1787 – 1794 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , R. E. and Magesan , G. N. 1991 . A stochastic‐empirical approach to modelling nitrate leaching . Soil Use and Management , 7 : 85 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman , M. , Di , H. J. , Cameron , K. C. and Frampton , C. M. 1999a . Gross nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to enzyme activities and the soil microbial biomass in soils treated with dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertilizer at different water potentials . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 29 : 178 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman , M. , Di , H. J. and Cameron , K. C. 1999b . A field study of gross rates of N mineralization and nitrification and their relationships to microbial biomass and enzyme activities in soils treated with dairy effluent and ammonium fertilizer . Soil Use and Management , 15 : 188 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar