Root growth patterns of perennial ryegrasses under well-watered and drought conditions

References

• Assuero , SG , Matthew , C , Kemp , P , Barker , DJ and Mazzanti , A . 2002 . Effects of water deficit on Mediterranean and temperate cultivars of tall fescue . Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , 53 : 29 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Bluett , SJ , Hodgson , J , Kemp , PD and Barry , TN . 1999 . Survival, reproductive development and density of tillers in pure swards of Aries HD and Yatsyn 1 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 61 : 197 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Caradus , JR and Evans , PS . 1977 . Seasonal root formation of white clover, ryegrass, and cocksfoot in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 20 : 337 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crush , JR , Popay , AJ and Waller , J . 2004 . Effect of different Neotyphodium endophytes on root distribution of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 47 : 345 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crush , JR , Easton , HS , Waller , JE , Hume , DE and Faville , MJ . 2007 . Genotypic variation in patters of root distribution, nitrate interception, and moisture stress response of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mapping population . Grass and Forage Science , 62 : 265 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crush , JR , Nichols , SN , Easton , HS , Ouyang , L and Hume , DE . 2009 . Comparisons between wild populations and bred perennial ryegrasses for root growth and root/shoot partitioning . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 52 : 161 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DaCosta , M and Huang , B . 2006 . Changes in carbon partitioning and accumulation patterns during drought and recovery for colonial bentgrass, creeping bentgrass, and velvet bentgrass . Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , 131 : 484 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degu , HD , Ohta , M and Fujimura , T . 2008 . Drought tolerance of Eragrostis tef and development of roots . International Journal of Plant Science , 169 : 768 – 775 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmeades DC , Wheeler DM , Christie RA 1991 . The effects of aluminium and pH on the growth of a range of temperate grass species and cultivars . In: Wright RJ , Baligar VC , Murrmann RP Plant–soil interactions at low pH . Dordrecht , Kluwer . 913 924 .
   Google Scholar
• Garwood , EA . 1968 . Some effects of soil-water conditions and soil temperature on the roots of grasses and clover. 2. Effects of variation in soil-water content and temperature on root growth . Journal of the British Grassland Society , 23 : 117 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghani , A , Müller , K , Dodd , M and Mackay , A . 2010 . Soil carbon and nitrogen: dissolved organic matter movement in some contrasting New Zealand pasture soils . European Journal of Soil Science , 62 : 525 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs RJ 1986 . Changes in soil structure under different cropping systems . Unpublished PhD thesis , Lincoln College, University of Canterbury . 131 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , RJ and Reid , JB . 1992 . Comparison between net and gross root production by winter wheat and by perennial ryegrass . New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science , 20 : 483 – 487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlbrooke DJ 1996 . Subsoiling and soil compaction effects on soil physical properties and pasture response . Unpublished MSc thesis , University of Waikato . 147 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Houlbrooke , DJ , Thom , ER , Chapman , R and McLay , CDA . 1997 . A study of the effects of soil bulk density on root and shoot growth of different ryegrass lines . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 40 : 429 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , WF and Thomas , VJ . 1985 . Growth and developmental responses of perennial ryegrass grown at constant temperature II. Influence of light and temperature on leaf, tiller and root appearance . Australian Journal of Plant Physiology , 12 : 69 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacques , WA . 1943 . Root-development in some common New Zealand pasture plants II. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and white clover (Trifolium repens) . New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology , A25 : 91 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacques , WA and Schwass , RH . 1956 . Root development in some common New Zealand pasture plants VII. Seasonal root replacement in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) . New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology , 37A : 569 – 583 .
   Google Scholar
• Jupp , AP and Newman , EI . 1987 . Phosphorus uptake from soil by Lolium perenne during and after severe drought . Journal of Applied Ecology , 24 : 979 – 990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp , DR and Culvenor , RA . 1994 . Improving the grazing and drought tolerance of temperate perennial pastures . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 37 : 365 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew C 1992 . A study of seasonal root and tiller dynamics in swards of perennial ryegrass . Unpublished PhD thesis , Massey University .
   Google Scholar
• Matthew C , Xia JX , Chu ACP , Mackay AD , Hodgson J 1991 . Relationship between root production and tiller appearance rates in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) . In: Atkinson D Plant root growth . Oxford , Blackwell Scientific, British Ecological Society Special Publication No. 10 . 281 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthew , C , Hernandez-Garay , A and Hodgson , J . 1996 . Making sense of the link between tiller density and pasture production . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 57 : 83 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthew , C , Yang , JZ and Potter , JF . 1998 . Determination of tiller and root appearance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards by observation of the tiller axis, and potential application in mechanistic modelling . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 41 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , SN and Crush , JR . 2007 . Selecting forage grasses for improved nitrate retention – a progress report . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 69 : 207 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Saggar , S , Hedley , C and Mackay , AD . 1997 . Partitioning and translocation of photosynthetically fixed 14C in grazed hill pastures . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 25 : 152 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soper , K . 1958 . Effects of flowering on the root system and summer survival of ryegrass . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 1 : 329 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Tait , A , Baisden , T , Wratt , D , Mullan , B and Stroombergen , A . 2008 . An initial assessment of the potential effects of climate change on New Zealand agriculture . New Zealand Science Review , 65 : 50 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Troughton A 1957 . The underground organs of herbage grasses . Commonwealth Bureau of Pastures and Field Crops , Bulletin 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Upsdell , MP . 1994 . Bayesian smoothers as an extension on non-linear regression . The New Zealand Statistician , 29 : 66 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Wedderburn , ME , Pengelly , WJ and Tucker , MA . 1989a . Simulated soil profiles as a plant screening technique . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 50 : 249 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Wedderburn , ME , Pengelly , WJ , Tucker , MA and di Menna , ME . 1989b . Description of ryegrass removed from North Island hill country . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 32 : 521 – 529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedderburn , ME , Tucker , MA , Pengelly , WJ and Ledgard , SF . 1990 . Responses of a New Zealand North Island hill perennial ryegrass collection to nitrogen, moisture stress, and grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) infestation . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 33 : 405 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , DM , Edmeades , DC , Smith , DR and Wedderburn , ME . 1992 . Screening perennial; rye-grass from New Zealand for aluminium tolerance . Plant and Soil , 146 : 9 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , JZ , Matthew , C and Rowland , RE . 1998 . Tiller axis observations for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea): number of active phytomers, probability of tiller appearance, and frequency of root appearance per phytomer for three cutting heights . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 41 : 11 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar