Alteration of pasture root carbon turnover in response to superphosphate and irrigation at Winchmore New Zealand

References

• Aerts , R , Berendse , F , Klerk , NM and Bakker , C . 1989 . Root production and root turnover in two dominant species of wet heathlands . Oecologia , 81 : 374 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aerts , R , Bakker , C and De Caluwe , H . 1992 . Root turnover as a determinant of the cycling of C, N, and P in a dry heathland ecosystem . Biogeochemistry , 15 : 175 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss , LC and Mark , AF . 1974 . High-alpine environments and primary production on the rock and pillar range, Central Otago, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 12 : 445 – 483 .
   Google Scholar
• Boutton TW 1991 . Stable carbon isotope ratios of natural materials: 1. Sample preparation and mass spectrometric analysis . In : Coleman DC , Fry B . Carbon isotope techniques San Diego , Ca , Academic Press . 155 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Cary , EE . 1992 . Correction of elemental analysis of soil-grown wheat roots contaminated with soil . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 15 : 857 – 869 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conant , RT , Paustian , K and Elliott , ET . 2001 . Grassland management and conversion into grassland: effects on soil carbon . Ecological Applications , 11 : 343 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condron LM Sinaj S McDowell RW Dudler-Guela J Scott JT Metherell AK 2006 Influence of long term irrigation on the distribution and availability of soil phosphorus under permanent pasture Australian Journal of Soil Research 44 127 133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , MC , Grace , PR , Bellotti , WD and Oades , JM . 1997 . Root production of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) pasture, a barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) pasture, and a faba bean (Vicia faba) crop in southern Australia . Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , 48 : 1139 – 1150 .
   Google Scholar
• Dahlman , RC and Kucera , CL . 1965 . Root productivity and turnover in native prairie . Ecology , 46 : 84 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson , RL . 1969 . Effects of soil nutrients and moisture on root/shoot ratios in Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L . Annals of Botany , 33 : 571 – 577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissenstat , DM and Yanai , RD . 1997 . The ecology of root life span . Advances in Ecological Research , 27 : 1 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , DA . 2007 . Drought effects on above- and belowground production of a grazed temperate grassland ecosystem . Oecologia , 152 : 131 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garwood , EA . 1967 . Seasonal variation in appearance and growth of grass roots . Journal of the British Grassland Society , 22 : 121 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs , RJ and Reid , JB . 1992 . Comparison between net and gross root production by winter wheat and by perennial ryegrass . New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science , 20 : 483 – 487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , RA and Jackson , RB . 2000 . Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems . New Phytologist , 147 : 13 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , RA , Burke , IC , Lauenroth , WK and Milchunas , DG . 2002a . Longevity and turnover of roots in the shortgrass steppe: influence of diameter and depth . Plant Ecology , 159 : 241 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , RA , Kelly , RH , Parton , WJ , Day , KA , Jackson , RB , Morgan , JA , Scurlock , JMO , Tieszen , LL , Castle , JV , Ojima , DS and Zhang , XS . 2002b . Using simple environmental variables to estimate below-ground productivity in grasslands . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 11 : 79 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , AJ , Ryle , GJA and Powell , CE . 1977 . The strategy of carbon utilization in uniculm barley I. The chemical fate of photosynthetically assimilated 14C . Journal of Experimental Botany , 28 : 1258 – 1269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , DC and Seastedt , TR . 1987 . Root dynamics of tallgrass prairie in wet and dry years . Canadian Journal of Botany , 65 : 787 – 791 .
   Google Scholar
• Houghton , RA . 1995 . “ Changes in the storage of terrestrial carbon since 1850 ” . In Soils and global change , Edited by: Lal , R , Kimble , J , Levine , E and Stewart , BA . 45 – 65 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hui , DF and Jackson , RB . 2006 . Geographical and interannual variability in biomass partitioning in grassland ecosystems: a synthesis of field data . New Phytologist , 169 : 85 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kätterer , T and Andrén , O . 1999 . Growth dynamics of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and its allocation of biomass and nitrogen below ground in a field receiving daily irrigation and fertilisation . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 54 : 21 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , H , Oades , JM and Martin , JK . 1986 . Input of carbon to soil from wheat plants . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 18 : 445 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauenroth , WK , Wade , AA , Williamson , MA , Ross , BE , Kumar , S and Cariveau , DP . 2006 . Uncertainty in calculations of net primary production for grasslands . Ecosystems , 9 : 843 – 851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeCain , DR , Morgan , JA , Schuman , GE , Reeder , JD and Hart , RH . 2002 . Carbon exchange and species composition of grazed pastures and exclosures in the shortgrass steppe of Colorado . Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment , 93 : 421 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litton , CM and Giardina , CP . 2008 . Below-ground carbon flux and partitioning: global patterns and response to temperature . Functional Ecology , 22 : 941 – 954 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride , SD . 1994 . Pasture yield response to irrigation in Canterbury . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. , 56 : 165 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• McCulley , RL , Burke , IC , Nelson , JA , Lauenroth , WK , Knapp , AK and Kelly , EF . 2005 . Regional patterns in carbon cycling across the Great Plains of North America . Ecosystems , 8 : 106 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meharg , AA and Killham , K . 1990 . Carbon distribution within the plant and rhizosphere for Lolium perenne subjected to anaerobic soil conditions . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 22 : 643 – 647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metherell , AK . 2003 . Management effects on soil carbon storage in New Zealand pastures . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 65 : 259 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Meurk , CD . 1978 . Alpine phytomass and primary productivity in Central Otago, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 1 : 27 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Milchunas , DG . 2009 . Estimating root production: comparison of 11 methods in shortgrass steppe and review of biases . Ecosystems , 12 : 1381 – 1402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milchunas , DG and Lauenroth , WK . 1992 . Carbon dynamics and estimates of primary production by harvest, 14C dilution, and 14C turnover . Ecology , 73 : 593 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milchunas , DG and Lauenroth , WK . 2001 . Below ground primary production by carbon isotope decay and long-term root biomass dynamics . Ecosystems , 4 : 139 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen , L and Goh , KM . 1992 . Nutrient cycling and losses based on a mass-balance model in grazed pastures receiving long-term superphosphate applications in New Zealand. 1. Phosphorus . Journal Agricultural Science , 119 : 89 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen , ML , Rickard , DS and McBride , SD . 1989 . Pasture production and changes in phosphorus and sulphur status in irrigated pastures receiving long-term applications of superphosphate fertiliser . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 32 : 245 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , J . 2004 . Estimating net primary productivity of grasslands from field biomass measurements in temperate northern China . Plant Ecology , 174 : 217 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niklaus , PA , Glockler , E , Siegwolf , R and Korner , C . 2001 . Carbon allocation in calcareous grassland under elevated CO2: a combined 13C pulse-labelling/soil physical fractionation study . Functional Ecology , 15 : 43 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton , WJ , Schimel , DS , Cole , CV and Ojima , DS . 1987 . Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands . Journal of the Soil Science Society of America , 51 : 1173 – 1179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poorter , H and Nagel , O . 2000 . The role of biomass allocation in the growth response of plants to different levels of light, CO2, nutrients and water: a quantitative review . Australian Journal of Plant Physiology , 27 : 595 – 607 .
   Google Scholar
• Pucheta , E , Bonamici , I , Cabido , M and Diaz , S . 2004 . Below-ground biomass and productivity of a grazed site and a neighbouring ungrazed exclosure in a grassland in central Argentina . Austral Ecology , 29 : 201 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasse DP Rumpel C Dignac MF 2005 Is soil carbon mostly root carbon? Mechanisms for a specific stabilisation Plant and Soil 269 341 356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryser , P . 1996 . The importance of tissue density for growth and life span of leaves and roots: a comparison of five ecologically contrasting grasses . Functional Ecology , 10 : 717 – 723 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saggar , S and Hedley , CB . 2001 . Estimating seasonal and annual carbon inputs, and root decomposition rates in a temperate pasture following field 14C pulse-labelling . Plant and Soil , 236 : 91 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saggar , S , Hedley , C and Mackay , AD . 1997 . Partitioning and translocation of photosynthetically fixed 14C in grazed hill pastures . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 25 : 152 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saggar , S , Mackay , AD and Hedley , CB . 1999 . Hill slope effects on the vertical fluxes of photosynthetically fixed 14C in a grazed pasture . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 37 : 655 – 666 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims , PL and Singh , JS . 1978 . The structure and function of ten western North American grasslands III. Net primary production, turnover and efficiencies of energy capture and water use . Journal of Ecology , 66 : 573 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , LC , Moss , RA , Morton , JD , Metherell , AK and Fraser , TJ . 2012 . Pasture production from a long-term fertiliser trial under irrigation . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 55 : 105 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , DPC and Metherell , AK . 1999 . Carbon (13C) uptake and allocation in pasture plants following field pulse-labelling . Plant and Soil , 210 : 61 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svejcar , T and Christiansen , S . 1987 . The influence of grazing pressure on rooting dynamics of Caucasian Bluestem . Journal of Range Management , 40 : 224 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Swinnen , J , Van Veen , JA and Merckx , R . 1994 . 14C pulse-labelling of field-grown spring wheat: an evaluation of its use in rhizosphere carbon budget estimations . Soil Biology and Biochemitry , 26 : 161 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , KR , Speir , TW , Ross , DJ , Parfitt , RL , Whale , KN and Cowling , JC . 1991 . Temporal variations in some plant and soil P pools in two pasture soils of widely different P fertility status . Plant and Soil , 132 : 219 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , KR , Scott , NA , Parshotam , A , Brown , L , Wilde , RH , Giltrap , DJ , Trustrum , NA , Gomez , B and Ross , DJ . 2000 . A multi-scale analysis of a terrestrial carbon budget Is New Zealand a source or sink of carbon? . Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment , 82 : 229 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Krift , TAJ and Berendse , F . 2002 . Root life spans of four grass species from habitats differing in nutrient availability . Functional Ecology , 16 : 198 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warembourg , FR , Montagne , D and Bardine , R . 1982 . The simultaneous use of 14CO2 and 15N2 labelling techniques to study the carbon and nitrogen economy of legumes grown under natural conditions . Physiologia Plantarum , 56 : 46 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , PA . 1977 . Growth, biomass, and net productivity of tall-tussock (Chionochloa) grasslands, Canterbury, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 15 : 399 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , Y , Wu , J , Deng , Y , Tan , H , Du , Y , Gu , S , Tang , Y and Cui , X . 2011 . Comprehensive assessments of root biomass and production in a Kobresia humilis meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau . Plant and Soil , 338 : 497 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar