Range of quality characteristics of New Zealand forages and implications for reducing the nitrogen leaching risk from grazing dairy cows

References

• Anonymous. 2005. Report on forage supplements workshop. Plymouth International Hotel, New Plymouth, 13 and 13 October 2005. Cited in Clarke et al. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Beukes P, Palliser C, Macdonald K, Lancaster J, Levy G, Thorrold B, Wastney M. 2008. Evaluation of a whole-farm model for pasture-based dairy systems. Journal of Dairy Science. 91:2353–2360. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruinenberg MH, Valk H, Korevarra H, Struik PC. 2002. Factors affecting digestibility of temperate forages from seminatural grasslands: a review. Grass and Forage Science. 57:292–301. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2494.2002.00327.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo AR, Kebreab E, Beever DE, France J. 2000. A review of the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 9:1–32. doi: 10.22358/jafs/68025/2000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark H, de Klein C, Newton P. 2001. Potential management practices and technologies to reduce nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide emissions from New Zealand Agriculture. Report prepared for Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, September. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke DA, Caradus JR, Monaghan RM, Sharp P, Thorrold BS. 2007. Issues and options for future dairy farming in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 50:203–221. doi: 10.1080/00288230709510291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen DC, Stockdale CR, Doyle PT. 2006. Feeding an energy supplement with white clover silage improves rumen fermentation, metabolisable protein utilisation and milk production in dairy cows. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 57:367–375. doi: 10.1071/AR05166
   Google Scholar
• Dalley DE, Gardner G. 2012. Pasture growth and quality on West Coast dairy farms. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grasslands Association. 74:231–236.
   Google Scholar
• Dalley DE, Geddes T. 2012. Pasture growth and quality on Southland and Otago dairy farms. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grasslands Association. 74:237–242.
   Google Scholar
• de Ruiter JM, Dalley DE, Hughes TP, Fraser TJ, Dewhurst RJ. 2007. Types of supplements: their nutritive value and use. In: Rattray PV, Brookes IM, Nicol AM, editors. Pastures and supplements for grazing animals. Hamilton: New Zealand Society of Animal Production; p. 97–115, Occasional Publication Number 14.
   Google Scholar
• Di HJ, Cameron KC. 2002. Nitrate leaching in temperate agroecosystems: sources, factors and mitigating strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 64:237–256. doi: 10.1023/A:1021471531188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di HJ, Cameron KC, Moore S, Smith NP. 1999. Contributions to nitrogen leaching and pasture uptake by autumn-applied dairy effluent and ammonium fertilizer labelled with 15N isotope. Plant and Soil. 210:189–198. doi: 10.1023/A:1004677902049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dove H, Robards GE. 1974. Effect of abomasal infusions of methionine, casein, and starch plus methionine on the wool production of merino wethers fed on lucerne or wheaten chaff. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 25:945–956. doi: 10.1071/AR9740945
   Google Scholar
• Edwards GR, deRuiter JM, Dalley DE, Pinxterhuis JB, Cameron KC, Bryant RH, Di HJ, Malcolm BJ, Chapman DF. 2014. Dry matter and body condition score change of dairy cows grazing fodder beet, kale and kale-oat forage systems in winter. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grasslands Association. 76:81–88.
   Google Scholar
• Firkins JL, Reynolds C. 2005. Whole-animal nitrogen balance in cattle. In: Pfeffer E, Hristov AN, editors. Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of cattle. Wallingford: CAB International; p. 167–186.
   Google Scholar
• Freney JR. 2011. Management practices to increase efficiency of fertilizer and animal nitrogen and minimize nitrogen loss to the atmosphere and groundwater. Technical Bulletin – Food and Fertilizer Technology Center. 186:22.
   Google Scholar
• Gregorini P, Beukes P, Pacheco D, Waghorn G, Hanigan M. 2015a. Development of an improved representation of rumen digesta outflow in a mechanistic and dynamics model of a dairy cow, molly. Ecological Modelling. 313:293–306. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregorini P, Villalba JJ, Provenza FD, Beukes PC, Forbes JM. 2015b. Modelling preference and diet selection patterns by grazing ruminants: a development in a mechanistic model of a grazing dairy cow, MINDY. Animal Production Science. 55:360–375. doi: 10.1071/AN14472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes RJ, Williams PH. 1993. Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Advances in Agronomy. 49:119–199. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60794-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes CW, Brookes IM, Garrick DJ, Mackenzie DDS, Parkinson TJ, Wilson GF. 2002. Milk production from pasture: principles and practices. Palmerston North: Massey University; p. 602.
   Google Scholar
• Huhtanen P, Hristov AN. 2009. A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 92:3222–3232. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis SC, Scholefield C, Pain B. 1995. Nitrogen cycling in grazing systems. In: Bacon PE, editor. Nitrogen fertilisation in the environmental. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker; p. 381–419.
   Google Scholar
• Kebreab E, France J, Beever DE, Castillo AR. 2001. Nitrogen pollution by dairy cows and its mitigation by dietary manipulation. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 60:275–285. doi: 10.1023/A:1012668109662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebreab E, Strathe AB, Dijkstra J, Mills JAN, Reynolds CK, Crompton LA, Yan T, France J. 2010. Energy and protein interactions and their effect on nitrogen excretion in dairy cows. In: Crovetto GM, editor. 3rd EAAP international symposium on energy and protein metabolism and nutrition. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic; p. 417–425.
   Google Scholar
• Ledgard SF, Menneer JC. 2005. Nitrate leaching in grazing systems and management strategies to reduce loses. In: Currie LD, Hanley JA, editors. Proceedings of the workshop development in fertiliser application technologies and nutrient management, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Occasional Report No. 18. New Zealand: Massey University Palmerston North; p. 79–82.
   Google Scholar
• Litherland AJ, Lambert MG. 2007. Factors affecting the quality of pastures and supplements produced on farms. In: Rattray PV, Brookes IM, Nicol AM, editors. Pastures and supplements for grazing animals. Hamilton: New Zealand Society of Animal Production; p. 81–96, Occasional Publication Number 14.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm BJ, Cameron KC, Edwards GR, Di HJ, Moir J. 2014. The effect of four different pasture species compositions on nitrate leaching losses under high N loading. Soil Use and Management. 30:58–68. doi: 10.1111/sum.12101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LA, Moorby JM, Davies DR, Humpreys MO, Scollan ND, MacRae JC, Theodorou MK. 2001. Increased concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne): milk production from late lactation dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science. 56:383–394. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2494.2001.00288.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min BR, Frenandex JM, Barry TN, McNabb WC, Kemp PD. 2001. The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon reproductive efficiency and wool production in ewes during autumn. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 92:185–202. doi: 10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00258-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment. 2011. New Zealand Government’s National Policy Statement on Fresh Water Management. https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/rma/nps-freshwater-management-2011/docs/nps-freshwater-mgnt-2011.pdf [accessed 2015 December 13].
   Google Scholar
• Misselbrook TH, Chadwick DR, Pain PB, Headon DM. 1998. Dietary manipulation as a means of decreasing N losses and methane emissions and improving herbage N uptake following application of pig slurry to grassland. Journal of Agricultural Science. 130:183–191. doi: 10.1017/S0021859697005194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichol WW. 2007. Nutritional disorders of ruminants caused by consumption of pasture and fodder crops. In: Rattray PV, Brookes IM, Nicol AM, editors. Pastures and supplements for grazing animals. Hamilton: New Zealand Society of Animal Production; p. 133–149, Occasional Publication Number 14.
   Google Scholar
• Powell JM, Borderick GA, Grabber JA, Hymes-Fect UC. 2009. Effects of forage protein-binding polyphenols on chemistry of dairy excreta. Journal of Dairy Science. 92:1765–1769. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow VO, Shepherd MA, Cichota R, Vogeler I. 2011. Urine timing: are the 2009 Waikato results relevant to other years, soils and regions. In: Currie LD, Christensen CL, editors. Adding to the knowledge base for the nutrient manager. http://flrc.massey.ac.nz/publications.html. Occasional Report No. 24. Palmerston North: Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University; p. 13.
   Google Scholar
• Stockdale CR, Dellow DW, Grainger C, Dalley D, Moate PJ. 1997. Supplements for dairy production in Victoria. Melbourne: Dairy Research and Development Corporation; p. 95.
   Google Scholar
• van Vuuren AM, van der Koelen CJ, Valk H, de Visser H. 1993. Effects of partial replacement of ryegrass by low protein feeds on rumen fermentation and nitrogen loss by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 76:2982–2993. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77637-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waghorn GC, Burke JL, Kolver ES. 2007. Principles of feeding value. In: Rattray PV, Brookes IM, Nicol AM, editors. Pastures and supplements for grazing animals. Hamilton: New Zealand Society of Animal Production; p. 35–60, Occasional Publication Number 14.
   Google Scholar