1,736
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Altitudinal patterns of vegetation, flora, life forms, and environments in the alpine zone of the Fiord Ecological Region, New Zealand

, , , , &
Pages 205-237 | Received 26 Oct 2007, Accepted 17 Mar 2008, Published online: 18 Feb 2010

References

  • Herbarium , Allan . 2000 . Nga Tipu o Aotearoa—New Zealand plant names database , New Zealand : Landcare Research . http://nzflora.landcareresearch. co.nz [accessed July 2007.]
  • Ashworth , J , Keyes , D , Kirk , R and Lessard , R . 2001 . Standard procedure in the hydrometer method for particle size analysis . Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis , 35 : 633 – 642 .
  • Atkinson , IAE . 1981 . Vegetation map of Tongariro National Park , Wellington : Department of Scientific and Industrial Research .
  • Benson , WN . 1935 . Some landforms in southern New Zealand . Australian Geographer , 2 : 3 – 22 .
  • Billings , WD . 1973 . Arctic and alpine vegetations: similarities, differences, and susceptibility to disturbance . Bioscience , 23 : 697 – 704 .
  • Clarke , KR and Gorley , RN . 2006 . Primer v6: User manual/ turorial , Plymouth, , UK : Primer‐E Ltd, Plymouth Marine Laboratory .
  • Clarkson , BD . 1986 . Vegetation of Mt Egmont National Park, New Zealand , National Park Scientific Series 5 Wellington : Department of Scientific and Industrial Research .
  • Dickinson , KJM , Mark , AF and Lee , WG . 1992 . Long‐term monitoring of non‐forest communities for biological conservation . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 30 : 163 – 179 .
  • Dickinson , KJM , Kelly , D , Mark , AF , Wells , G and Clayton , R . 2007 . What limits a rare alpine plant species? Comparative demography of three endemic species of Myosotis (Boraginaceae) . Austral Ecology , 32 : 155 – 168 .
  • Ellenberg , H . 1963 . Vegetation mitteleuropas mit den alpen in kausaler, dynamischer und historischer sicht , Stuttgart : Ulmer .
  • Gilkison , WS and Hamilton , AH , eds. 1948 . Moir's guide book. , 2nd ed. , Dunedin : New Zealand Alpine Club Inc. .
  • Halloy , SRP and Mark , AF . 1996 . Comparative leaf morphology spectra of plant communities in New Zealand, the Andes and the European Alps . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 26 : 41 – 78 .
  • Halloy , SRP and Mark , AF . 2003 . Climate‐change effects on alpine plant biodiversity: a New Zealand perspective on quantifying the threat . Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research , 35 : 248 – 254 .
  • Hancox , GT and Perrin , ND . Green Lake landslide: a very large ancient rock slide in Fiordland, New Zealand . Proceedings of 7th International IAEG Congress . pp. 1677 – 1689 . Rotterdam : Balkema .
  • Hewitt , AE . 1998 . New Zealand soil classification. , 2nd ed. , Landcare Research Science Series 1 Lincoln : Manaaki Whenua Press .
  • Holloway , JT . 1954 . Forests and climate in the South Island of New Zealand . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 82 : 320 – 410 .
  • Körner , C . 1994 . “ Biomass fractionation in plants: a reconsideration of definitions based on plant functions ” . In A whole plant perspective on Carbon‐Nitrogen interactions , Edited by: Roy , J and Garnier , E . 173 – 185 . The Hague : SPB Academic Publishing .
  • Körner , C . 2003 . Alpine plant life: Functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems. , 2nd ed. , Berlin : Springer .
  • Körner , C . 2007 . Climatic treelines: conventions, global paterns, causes . Erdkunde , 61 : 316 – 324 .
  • Körner , C and Hoch , G . 2006 . A test of treeline theory on a montane permafrost island . Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research , 38 : 113 – 119 .
  • Körner , C and Paulsen , J . 2004 . A world‐wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures . Journal of Bioge‐ography , 31 : 713 – 732 .
  • Landis , CA , Campbell , HJ , Begg , JG , Mildenhall , DC , Pa‐terson , AM and Trewick , SA . 2008 . The Waipounamu Erosion Surface: questioning the antiquity of the New Zealand land surface and terrestrial fauna and flora . Geological Magazine , 145 : 173 – 197 .
  • McLaren , RG and Cameron , KC . 1990 . Soil science: an introduction to the properties and management of New Zealand soils , Auckland : Oxford University Press .
  • Mark , AF . 1977 . Vegetation of Mt Aspiring National Park, New Zealand , National Park Scientific Series 2 Wellington : Department of Lands and Survey .
  • Mark , AF . 1993 . “ Indigenous grasslands of New Zealand ” . In Ecosystems of the world Vol. 8B. Natural grasslands—eastern hemisphere , Edited by: Coupland , RT . Vol. 8B , 361 – 410 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Mark , AF and Bliss , LC . 1970 . The high‐alpine vegetation of Central Otago, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 8 : 381 – 451 .
  • Mark , AF and Dickinson , KJM . 1997 . “ New Zealand alpine ecosystems ” . In Ecosystems of the world Vol. 3: Polar and alpine tundra , Edited by: Wielgolaski , FE . Vol. 3 , 311 – 345 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Mark , AF , Dickinson , KJM and Hofstede , RGM . 2000 . Alpine vegetation, plant distribution, life forms and environments in a perhumid New Zealand region: oceanic and tropical high mountain affinities . Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research , 32 : 240 – 254 .
  • Mark , AF , Dickinson , KJM , Allen , J , Smith , R and West , CJ . 2001 . Vegetation patterns, plant distribution and life forms across the alpine zone in southern Tierra del Fuego, Argentina . Austral Ecology , 26 : 423 – 440 .
  • Mark , AF , Dickinson , KJM , Maegli , T and Halloy , SRP . 2006 . Two GLORIA long‐term alpine monitoring sites established in New Zealand as part of a global network . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 36 : 111 – 128 .
  • Meurk , CD . 1978 . Alpine phytomass and primary productivity in Central Otago, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 1 : 27 – 50 .
  • Meurk , CD . 1984 . Bioclimatic zones for the Antipodes ‐and beyond . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 7 : 175 – 182 .
  • Moir , GM . 1925 . Guide book to the tourist routes of the Great Southern Lakes , Dunedin : Otago Expansion League .
  • Orapchenko , V , Mark , AF and Wells , G . 2005 . Floristic richness of three perhumid NewZealand alpine plant communities in comparison with other regions . Austral Ecology , 30 : 518 – 525 .
  • Prentice , IC , Cramer , W , Harrison , SP , Leeman , R , Monserud , RA and Solomon , AM . 1992 . A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate . Journal of Biogeography , 19 : 117 – 134 .
  • Raunkiaer , C . 1934 . The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Soil Survey Staff . 1975 . “ Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys ” . In Agricultural Handbook 436 , 754 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
  • Solly , LD . 1998 . Responses of the genus Chionochloa to grazing by indigenous and exotic vertebrate herbivores: an evaluation of seven low‐alpine snow tussock taxa in south western South Island, New Zealand , Dunedin, , New Zealand : University of Otago . Unpublished PhD thesis,
  • Walker , MD , Webber , PJ , Arnold , EH and Ebert‐May , D . 1994 . Effects of interannual climate variation on above‐ground phytomass in alpine vegetation . Ecology , 75 : 393 – 408 .
  • Ward , CM . 1988 . Marine terraces of the Waitutu district and their relation to the late Cenozoic tectonics of the southern Fiordland region, New Zealand . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 18 : 1 – 28 .
  • Wardle , P . 1979 . Plants and landscapes in Westland National Park , National Parks Scientific Series 3 Wellington : Department of Lands and Survey .
  • Wardle , P . 1985 . New Zealand timberlines. 3. A synthesis . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 23 : 263 – 271 .
  • Wardle , P . 1998 . “ Comparison of alpine timberlines in New Zealand and the Southern Andes ” . In Ecosystems, entomology & plants , The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series Edited by: Red , Lynch . Vol. 48 , 69 – 90 .
  • Wardle , P . 2008 . New Zealand forest to alpine transitions in global context . Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , 40 : 240 – 249 .
  • Wesche , K . 2002 . The high‐altitude environment of Mt Elgon (Uganda/Kenya)—Climate, vegetation and the impact of fire . Ecotropical Monographs , 2 : 1 – 253 .
  • Williams , PA , Grigg , JL , Nes , P and O'Connor , KF . 1976 . Vegetation/soil relationships and distribution of selected macro‐elements within the shoots of tall‐tussocks on the Murchison Mountains, Fiordland, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 14 : 29 – 53 .
  • Wilson , H . 1976 . Vegetation of Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand , National Parks Authority Scientific Series 1 Wellington : Department of Lands and Survey .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.