Environmental impact of trawling on the seabed: A review

References

• Anderson , F. E. and Meyer , L. M. 1986 . The interaction of tidal currents on a disturbed intertidal bottom with a resulting change in particulate matter quantity, texture and food quality . Estuarine coastal and shelf science , 22 : 19 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1971 . The heavy tickler chain—right or wrong? . World fishing , October : 8 1971
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1991 . Why stocks of large fish fall . Fishing news international, March , 1991 : 1 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Apollonio , S. 1989 . Eliminating otter trawls could be key to better fisheries management . National fisherman , November : 34 – 35 . 1989
   Google Scholar
• Arntz , W. E. 1981 . “ Biomass zonation and dynamics of macrobenthos in an area stressed by oxygen deficiency ” . In Stress effects on natural ecosystems , Edited by: Barrett , G. and Rosenberg , R. 215 – 225 . New York : J. Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Arntz , W. E. and Rumohr , H. 1982 . An experimental study of macrobcnthic colonisation and succession, and the importance of seasonal variation in temperate latitudes . Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 64 : 17 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arntz , W. E. and Weber , W. 1970 . Cyprina islandica L. (Mollusca, Bivalvia) als Nahrung von Dorsch und Kliesche in der Kieler Bucht . Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission für Meeresforschung , 21S : 193 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Bagge , O. and Munch‐Petersen , S. 1979 . Some possible factors governing the catchability of Norway lobster in the Kattegat , Rapports et procès‐verbaux des réunions. Conseil international pour l'exploration de la mer 175 143 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• van Beek , F. A. , van Leeuwen , P. I. and Rijnsdorp , A. D. 1990 . On the survival of plaice and sole discards in the otter‐trawl and beam‐trawl fisheries in the North Sea . Netherlands journal of sea research , 26 : 151 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Berghahn , R. Trophic relationships in the Marine Ecosystem . Proceedings of the 24th European Marine Biology Symposium . On the potential impact of shrimping on trophic relationships in the Wadden Sea , Edited by: Barnes , M. and Gibson , R. N. pp. 130 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Boesch , D. F. and Rosenberg , R. 1981 . “ Response to stress in marine benthic communities ” . In Stress effects on natural ecosystems , Edited by: Barrett , G. W. and Rosenberg , R. 179 – 200 . New York : J. Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Bradstock , M. and Gordon , D. P. 1983 . Coral‐like bryozoan growths in Tasman Bay, and their protection to conserve commercial fish stocks . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 17 : 159 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull , M. F. 1986 . Scallop enhancement programme approaches first harvesting . Catch , 13 (3) : 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Butcher , T. , Matthews , J. , Glaister , J. and Hamer , G. 1981 . Study suggests scallop dredges causing few problems in Jervis Bay . Australian fisheries , 40 : 9 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Caddy , J. F. 1973 . Underwater observations on tracks of dredges and trawls and some effects of dredging on a scallop ground . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 30 : 173 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caddy , J. F. and Iles , T. D. 1972 . Underwater observations on herring spawning grounds on Georges Bank . Research bulletin of the International Commission on Northwest Atlantic Fisheries , 10 : 13 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , C. J. 1981 . Discarding and tailing Nephrops at sea . Scottish fisheries bulletin , 46 : 10 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Chittenden , M. E. and van Engel , W. A. 1972 . Effect of a tickler chain and tow duration on trawl catches of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 101 : 732 – 734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong , K.‐C. , Dwiponggo , A. , Ilyas , S. and Martosubroto , P. 1987 . Some experiences and highlights of the Indonesian trawl ban: Bioeconomics and socio‐economics , Indo‐Pacific Fisheries Commission RAPA report 1987(10) 458 – 477 .
   Google Scholar
• Churchill , J. H. 1989 . The effect of commercial trawling on sediment resuspension and transport over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf . Continental shelf research , 9 : 841 – 864 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , H. A. 1971 . The heavy tickler chain—right or wrong?—The view of Dr. H. A. Cole . World fishing, October , 1971 : 8 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Creutzberg , F. , Duineveld , G. C. A. and van Noort , G. J. 1987 . The effect of different numbers of tickler chains on beam‐trawl catches . Journal du conseil. Conseil international pour l'exploration de la mer , 43 : 159 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• De Groot , S. J. 1984 . The impact of bottom trawling on benthic fauna of the North Sea . Ocean management , 9 : 177 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dolah , R. F. , Wendt , P. H. and Nicholson , N. 1987 . Effects of a research trawl on a hard bottom assemblage of sponges and corals . Fisheries research , 5 : 39 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faith , D. P. , Humphrey , C. L. and Dostine , P. L. 1991 . Statistical power and BACI designs in biological monitoring: Comparative evaluation of measures of community dissimilarity based on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Rockhole Mine Creek, Northern Territory, Australia . Australian journal of marine and freshwater research , 42 : 589 – 602 .
   Google Scholar
• Fenaughty , J. M. and Bagley , N. W. 1981 . W. J. Scott New Zealand trawling survey: South Island East Coast . New Zealand fisheries technical report , 157 : 1 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Flint , R. W. and Younk , J. A. 1983 . Estuarine benthos: long‐term community structure variations, Corpus Christi Bay, Texas . Estuaries , 6 : 126 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Galtsoff , P. S. 1964 . The American oyster . Fishery bulletin (U.S.) , 64 : 1 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , P. J. , Collins , A. J. and Collett , L. C. 1980 . Effect of otter prawn trawling on the macrobenthos of a sandy substratum in a New South Wales Estuary . Australian journal of marine and freshwater research , 31 : 509 – 516 .
   Google Scholar
• Goudey , C. A. and Loverich , G. Reducing the bottom impact of Alaskan groundfish trawls. Proceedings. Oceans ‘87 . The ocean—an international workplace. 2. Marine engineering, policy education and technology transfer . pp. 632 – 637 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , M. 1955 . Effect of trawling on animals of the sea bed . Deep‐sea research , 3 ( supplement ) : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Harden Jones , F. R. and Scholes , P. 1974 . The effect of door‐to‐door tickler chain on the catch‐rate of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) taken by an otter trawl . Journal du Conseil. Conseil international pour l'exploration de la mer , 35 : 210 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , B. J. and Wassenberg , T. J. 1990 . Fate of discards from prawn trawlers in Torres Strait . Australian journal of marine and freshwater research , 41 : 53 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holme , N. A. Fluctuations in the benthos of the western English Channel. Oceanologica Acta 1983 . Proceedings of the 17th European Symposium on Marine Biology . September 27 1982 , Brest, France. pp. 121 – 124 . 1 October
   Google Scholar
• Hutchings , P. 1990 . Review of the effects of trawling on macrobenthic epifaunal communities . Australian journal of marine and freshwater research , 41 : 111 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J⊘rgensen , B. B. 1980 . Seasonal oxygen depletion in the bottom waters of a Danish fjord and its effect on the bottom community . Oikos , 34 : 68 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd , W. 1989 . Deepwater fishing . New Zealand geographic , 4 : 77 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Kröncke , I. 1990 . Macrofauna standing stock of the Dogger Bank. A comparison: II. 1951–1952 versus 1985–1987. Are changes in the community of the northeastern part of the Dogger bank due to environmental changes? . Netherlands journal of sea research , 25 : 189 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Krost , P. , Bernhard , M. , Werner , F. and Hukriede , W. 1990 . Otter trawl tracks in Kiel Bay (Western Baltic) mapped by side‐scan sonar . Meeresforschung , 32 : 344 – 353 .
   Google Scholar
• Livingston , M. and Rutherford , K. 1988 . Hoki wastes on west coast fishing grounds . Catch , 15 (2) : 16 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Main , J. and Sangster , G. I. 1979 . A study of bottom trawling gear on both sand and hard ground . Scottish fisheries research report , 14 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1981 . A study of the sand clouds produced by trawl boards and their possible effect on fish capture . Scottish fisheries research report , 20 : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• March , E. J. 1970 . Sailing trawlers: The story of fishing with longline and trawl , London : David and Charles .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , L. M. , Schick , D. F. , Findlay , R. H. and Rice , D. L. 1991 . Effects of commercial dragging on sedimentary organic matter . Marine environmental research , 31 : 249 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister , D. 1991 . Questions about the impact of trawling . Sea wind , 5 (2) : 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• McLoughlin , R. J. , Young , P. C. , Martin , R. B. and Parslow , J. 1991 . The Australian scallop dredge: estimates of catching efficiency and associated indirect fishing mortality . Fisheries research , 11 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medcof , J. C. and Caddy , J. F. 1971 . Underwater observations on performance of clam dredges of three types , ICES gear behaviour committee document 1971/B10 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , T. L. , Cooper , R. A. and Pecci , K. J. 1981 . The performance and environmental effects of a hydraulic clam dredge . Marine fisheries review , 43 : 14 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , T. H. and Barnett , P. R. O. 1987 . Long‐term changes in benthic populations in some west European coastal areas . Estuaries , 10 : 220 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , T. H. , Josefson , A. B. and Rosenberg , R. 1985 . Petersen's benthic stations revisited. I. Is the Kattegatt becoming eutrophic? . Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 92 : 157 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redant , F. 1987 . A bibliography on the effects of bottom fishing gear and harvesting techniques on benthic biota , Annex to 6th report of the benthos ecology working group, ICES CM 1987/L 26 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1990 . An updated bibliography on the effects of bottom fishing gear and harvesting techniques on seabed and benthic biota , Working document to the study group on ecosystem effects of fishing activities 12 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea .
   Google Scholar
• Rees , H. L. and Eleftheriou , A. 1989 . North Sea benthos: A review of field investigations into the biological effect of man's activities . Journal du Conseil. Conseil international pour l'exploration de la mer , 45 : 284 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Reise , K. 1982 . Long‐term changes in the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of the Wadden Sea: Are polychaetes about to take over? . Netherlands journal of sea research , 16 : 29 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Reise , K. and Schubert , A. 1987 . Macrobenthic turnover in the subtidal Wadden Sea: the Norderaue revisited after 60 years . Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen , 41 : 69 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Riesen , W. and Reise , K. 1982 . Macrobenthos of the subtidal Wadden Sea: revisited after 55 years . Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen , 35 : 409 – 423 .
   Google Scholar
• Rijnsdorp , A. D. , Groot , P. and van Beek , F. A. 1991 . The micro distribution of beam trawl effort in the southern North Sea , ICES Demersal fish committee/Session P. document 1991/G49 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , R. 1977 . Benthic macrofaunal dynamics, production, and dispersion in an oxygen‐deficient estuary of West Sweden . Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 26 : 107 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1985 . Eutrophication—the future marine coastal nuisance? . Marine pollution bulletin , 16 (6) : 227 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford , J. C. 1987 . A preliminary study of the dispersion of hoki wastes and potential oxygen depletion off the West Coast South Island , Fisheries Research Centre internal report 79 42 Draft report held in Fisheries Research Centre library, Wellington
   Google Scholar
• Saila , S. B. 1983 . Importance and assessment of discards in commercial fisheries , FAO Fisheries circular 765 62
   Google Scholar
• Sainsbury , K. J. 1988 . “ The ecological basis of multispecies fisheries and management of a demersal fishery in tropical Australia ” . In Fish population dynamics , (2nd edn.) , Edited by: Gulland , J. A. 349 – 382 . London : J. Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Saxton , F. 1980 . Coral loss could deplete fish stocks . Catch , 7 (8) : 12 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , B. G. 1990 . Survival of king and tanner crabs captured by commercial sole trawls . Fishery bulletin (U.S.) , 88 : 731 – 744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , P. M. 1987 . Response of excised gill tissue from the New Zealand scallop Pecten novaezelandiae to suspended silt . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 21 : 605 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theil , H. and Schriever , G. 1990 . Deep‐sea mining, environmental impact and the DISCOL project . AMBIO , 19 : 245 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , A. J. 1991 . Beyond BACI: Experimental designs for detecting human environmental impacts on temporal variations in natural populations . Australian journal of marine and freshwater research , 42 : 569 – 587 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , C. J. , Collie , J. S. and Webb , T. 1988 . Experimental designs for estimating transient responses to management disturbances . Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 45 : 530 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassenberg , T. J. and Hill , B. J. 1990 . Partitioning of material discarded from prawn trawlers in Moreton Bay . Australian journal of marine and freshwater research , 41 : 27 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenner , C. A. 1983 . Species associations and day‐night variability of trawl‐caught fishes from the inshore sponge‐coral habitat. South Atlantic bight . Fishery bulletin (U.S.) , 81 : 537 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. B. 1979 . ‘Patch’ development of the deepwater coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) on Rockall Bank . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , 59 : 165 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , G. 1960 . Mortalities of the scallop during its life cycle . Bulletin of the Marine Biological Station at Asamushi , 10 : 149 – 152 .
   Google Scholar