Responses of two trophic levels to patch enrichment along a New Zealand stream continuum

References

• Auer , M. T. and Canale , R. P. 1982 . Ecological studies and mathematical modelling of Cladophora in Lake Huron: 3. The dependence of growth rates on internal phosphorus pool size . Journal of Great Lakes research , 8 : 93 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Biggs , B. J. F. 1987 . Effects of sample storage and mechanical blending on the quantitative analysis of river periphyton . Freshwater biology , 18 : 197 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , B. J. F. 1990 . Periphyton communities and their environments in New Zealand rivers . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 24 : 367 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , B. J. F. and Close , M. E. 1989 . Periphyton biomass dynamics in gravel bed rivers: the relative effects of flows and nutrients . Freshwater biology , 22 : 209 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , B. J. F. , Duncan , M. J. , Jowett , I. G. , Quinn , J. M. , Hickey , C. W. , Davies‐Colley , R. J. and Close , M. E. 1990 . Ecological characterisation, classification, and modelling of New Zealand rivers: an introduction and synthesis . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 24 : 277 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , B. J. F. and Hickey , C. W. in press . Periphyton responses to a hydraulic gradient in a regulated river, New Zealand . Freshwater biology ,
   Google Scholar
• Bothwell , M. L. 1985 . Phosphorus limitation of lode periphyton growth rates: an intersite comparison using continuous‐flow troughs (Thompson River System, British Columbia) . Limnology and oceanography , 30 : 527 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowl , T. A. and Schnell , G. D. 1991 . Factors determining population density and size distribution of a freshwater snail in streams: effects on periphyton and invertebrate succession . Oikos , 59 : 359 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• DeNicola , D. M. and Mclntire , C. D. 1991 . Effects of hydraulic refuge and irradiance on grazer‐periphyton interaction in laboratory streams . Journal of the North American Benthological Society , 10 : 251 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild , G. W. and Lowe , R. L. 1984 . Artificial substrates which release nutrients: effects on periphyton and invertebrate succession . Hydrobiologia , 114 : 29 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feminella , J. W. , Power , M. E. and Resh , V. H. 1989 . Periphyton responses to invertebrate grazing and riparian canopy in three northern California coastal streams . Freshwater biology , 22 : 445 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fretwell , S. D. 1987 . Food chain dynamics: the central theory of ecology? . Oikos , 50 : 291 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graesser , A. K. 1989 . Physio‐chemical conditions and benthic community dynamics in four South‐Westland streams , New Zealand : University of Canterbury . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , S.V. 1983 . “ Plant‐herbivore interactions within stream populations and communities ” . In Stream ecology: Application and testing of general ecological theory , Edited by: Barnes , J. R. and Minshall , G. W. New York, N.Y. : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , D. D. 1981 . Foraging and resource patchiness: field experiments with a grazing stream insect . Oikos , 37 : 46 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , D. D. 1987 . Experimental studies of exploitative competition in a grazing stream insect . Oecologia , 73 : 41 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , D. D. and Robinson , C. T. 1990 . Resource limitation in a stream community: phosphorus enrichment effects on periphyton and grazers . Ecology , 71 : 1494 – 1502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , C. P. and Furnish , J. K. 1987 . Are snails important competitors in stream ecosystems? . Oikos , 49 : 209 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , W. R. 1992 . Food limitation and interspecific competition in snail‐dominated streams . Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 49 : 1257 – 1267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , W. A. and Harvey , B. C. 1990 . Periphyton responses to higher trophic levels and light in a shaded stream . Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 47 : 2307 – 2314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , W. R. , Boston , H. L. and Steinman , A. D. 1992 . Grazers and nutrients simultaneously limit lotic primary productivity . Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 49 : 504 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , J. M. 1987 . Alterations in periphyton characteristics due to grazing in a Cascade foothills stream . Freshwater biology , 18 : 495 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett , I. G. and Richardson , J. 1990 . Microhabitat preferences of benthic invertebrates in a New Zealand river and the development of in‐stream habitat models for Deleatidium spp . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 24 : 19 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett , I. G. , Richardson , J. , Biggs , B. J. F. , Hickey , C. W. and Quinn , J.M. 1991 . Microhabitat preferences of benthic invertebrates and the development of generalised Deleatidium spp. habitat suitability curves, applied to four New Zealand rivers . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 25 : 187 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberti , G. A. and Resh , V. H. 1983 . Stream periphyton and insect herbivores; experimental study of grazing by a caddisfly population . Ecology , 64 : 1124 – 1135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberti , G. A. , Ashkenas , L. R. , Gregory , S. V. and Steinman , A. D. 1987 . Effects of three herbivores on periphyton communities in laboratory streams . Journal of North American Benthological Society , 6 : 92 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamberti , G. A. , Gregory , S. V. , Ashkenas , L. R. , Steinman , A. D. and Mclntire , C. D. 1989 . Productive capacity of periphyton as a determinant of plant‐herbivore interactions in streams . Ecology , 70 : 1840 – 1856 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , R. L. and Hunter , R. D. 1988 . Effect of grazing by Physa Integra on periphyton community structure . Journal of North American Benthological Society , 7 : 29 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• McAuliffe , J. R. 1984 . Resource depression by a stream herbivore: effects on distributions and abundances of other grazers . Oikos , 42 : 327 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarter , N. 1986 . Food and energy in the diet of brown and rainbow trout from Lake Benmore, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 20 : 551 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick , P. V. and Stevenson , R. J. 1989 . Effects of snail grazing on benthic algal community structure in different nutrient environments . Journal of North American Benthological Society , 8 : 162 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Mclntire , C. D. 1975 . “ Periphyton assemblages in laboratory streams ” . In River ecology , Edited by: Whitton , B. A. Blackwell Scientific Press .
   Google Scholar
• Minshall , G. W. 1978 . Autotrophy in stream ecosystems . Bio science , 28 : 767 – 771 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick , R. and Reimer , C. W. 1966 . Diatoms of the United States , Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 13 Vol. 1 , 688
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , J. M. and Hickey , C. W. 1990 . Characterisation and classification of benthic invertebrate communities in 88 New Zealand rivers in relation to environmental factors . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 24 : 387 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosemond , A. D. , Mulholland , P. J. and Elwood , J. W. 1993 . Top‐down and bottom‐up control of stream periphyton: effects of nutrients and herbivores . Ecology , 74 : 1264 – 1280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , P. A. 1991 . Environmental effects of sediment on New Zealand streams: a review . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 25 : 207 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman , A. D. , Mulholland , P. J. and Kirschtel , D. B. 1991 . Interactive effects of nutrient reduction and herbivory on biomass, taxonomic structure, and P uptake in lotic periphyton communities . Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 48 : 1951 – 1959 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner , W. T. and Mclntire , C. D. 1982 . Grazer‐periphyton interactions in laboratory streams . Archiv fur Hydrobiology , 93 : 135 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Suren , A. M. and Winterbourn , M. J. 1992 . The influence of periphyton, detritus and shelter on invertebrate colonisation of aquatic bryophytes . Freshwater biology , 27 : 327 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch , E. B. , Quinn , J. M. and Hickey , C. W. 1992 . Periphyton biomass related to point‐source nutrient enrichment in seven New Zealand streams . Water research , 26 : 669 – 675 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , L. L. 1990 . SYSTAT: The System for statistics , Evanston, IL : SYSTAT, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Winterbourn , M. J. 1990 . Interactions among nutrients, algae and invertebrates in a New Zealand mountain stream . Freshwater biology , 23 : 463 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterbourn , M. J. and Fegley , A. 1989 . Effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on periphyton assemblages in some spring‐fed, South Island, streams . New Zealand natural sciences , 16 : 57 – 65 .
   Google Scholar