Characterisation of faecal streptococci from some New Zealand effluents and receiving waters

References

• APHA . 1980 . Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, , 15th edition , 1193 American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation .
   Google Scholar
• APHA . 1985 . Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, , 16th edition , 1268 American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation .
   Google Scholar
• APHA . 1992 . Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, , 18th edition , 949 American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation .
   Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. , Farrah , S. R. , Ruskin , R. H. , Butner , J. and Chou , Y. L. 1983 . Survival of pathogenic and indicator organisms in ground water . Ground water , 21 : 405 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman , N. P. , Stevens , J. K. and Evans , A. W. 1978 . “ Streptococci as indicators in water supplies ” . In Streptococci , Society for Applied Bacteriology Academic Press Symposium Series 7 Edited by: Skinner , F. A. 335 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Clausen , E. M. , Green , B. L. and Litsky , W. 1977 . “ Fecal streptococci: indicators of pollution ” . In Bacterial indicators: health hazards associated with water , ASTM STP 635 Edited by: Hoadley , A. W. and Dutka , B. J. 247 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Close , M. E. , Hodgson , L. R. and Tod , G. 1989 . Field evaluation of fluorescent whitening agents and sodium tripolyphosphate as indicators of septic tank contamination in domestic wells . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 23 : 563 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , M. D. , Jones , D. , Farrow , J. A. E. , Kilpper‐Balz , R. and Schleifer , K. H. 1984 . Enterococcus avium nom. rev., comb, nov.; E. casseliflavus nom. rev., comb, nov.; E. durans nom rev., comb, nov.; E. gallinarum comb, nov.; and E. malodoratus sp. nov . International journal of systematic bacteriology , 34 : 220 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Daoust , R. A. and Litsky , W. 1975 . Pfizer selective enterococcus agar overlay method for the enumeration of fecal streptococci by membrane filtration . Applied microbiology , 29 : 584 – 589 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donnison , A. M. 1992 . Enumeration of enterococci in New Zealand waters and effluents . Environmental technology , 13 : 771 – 778 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evison , L. M. 1988 . Comparative studies on the survival of indicator organisms and pathogens in fresh and sea water . Water science and technology , 20 : 309 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evison , L. M. and Tosti , E. 1980 . An appraisal of bacterial indicators of pollution in seawater . Progress in water technology , 12 : 591 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Facklam , R. R. 1972 . Recognition of group D streptococcal species of human origin by biochemical and physiological tests . Applied microbiology , 23 : 1131 – 1139 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fattal , B. , Vasl , R. J. , Katzenelson , E. and Shuval , H. I. 1983 . Survival of bacterial indicator organisms and enteric viruses in the Mediterranean coastal waters of Tel‐Aviv . Water research , 17 : 397 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feachem , R. G. 1975 . An improved role for faecal coliform to faecal streptococci ratios in the differentiation between human and non‐human pollution sources (Note) . Water research , 9 : 689 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioka , R. S. and Narikawa , O. T. 1982 . Effect of sunlight on enumeration of indicator bacteria under field conditions . Applied and environmental microbiology , 44 : 395 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gameson , A. L. H. 1984 . “ Bacterial mortality, Part 1 ” . In Investigations of sewage discharges to some British coastal waters , WRc Technical Report TR 201 Medmenham, , U.K. : WRc Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Geldreich , E. E. and Kenner , B. A. 1969 . Concepts of fecal streptococci in stream pollution . Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation , 41 (8, Part 2) : R336 – R352 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenner , B. A. , Clark , H. F. and Kabler , P. W. 1961 . Fecal streptococci: I. Cultivation and enumeration of streptococci in surface waters . Applied microbiology , 9 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keswick , B. H. , Gerba , C. P. , Secor , S. L. and Cech , I. 1982 . Survival of enteric viruses and indicator bacteria in groundwater . Journal of environmental science and health , A17 : 903 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , M. A. , Fischer , J. R. and Cabelli , V. J. 1975 . Membrane filter technique for the enumeration of enterococci in marine waters . Applied microbiology , 30 : 66 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mara , D. D. 1974 . Bacteriology for sanitary engineers , 209 Edinburgh and London : Churchill Livingstone .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , G. N. and Noonan , M. J. 1977 . Effects of domestic wastewater disposal by land irrigation on groundwater quality of the Central Canterbury Plains , Water and soil technical publication 7 25 Wellington : National Water and Soil Conservation Organisation by Ministry of Works and Development . Published for the
   Google Scholar
• McBride , G. B. , Cooper , A. B. and Till , D. G. 1992 . Provisional microbiological water quality guidelines for recreational and shellfish‐gathering waters in New Zealand , 17 Public Health Services, New Zealand Department of Health . January 1992
   Google Scholar
• McFeters , G. A. , Bissonette , G. K. , Jezeski , J. J. , Thomson , C. A. and Stuart , D. G. 1974 . Comparative survival of indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens in well water . Applied microbiology , 27 : 823 – 829 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medrek , T. F. and Barnes , E. M. 1962 . The distribution of group D streptococci in cattle and sheep . Journal of applied bacteriology , 25 : 159 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Middaugh , P.R. , Koupal , L. R. , Pierce , R. L. Jr. , Tiede , J. E. and Zerfas , J. W. Livestock waste management and pollution abatement . Proceedings, International Symposium on Livestock Wastes . April 1971 . Differentiation of ruminant from non‐ruminant fecal sources of water pollution by use of enteric bacteria , Michigan : American Society of Agricultural Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Pourcher , A‐M. , Devriese , L. A. , Hernandez , J. F. and Delattre , J. M. 1991 . Enumeration by a miniaturized method of Escherichia coli. Streptococcus bovis and enterococci as indicators of the origin of faecal pollution of waters . Journal of applied bacteriology , 70 : 525 – 530 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schleifer , K. H. and Kilpper‐Balz , R. 1984 . Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov . International journal of systematic bacteriology , 34 : 31 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. 1986 . Microbial contamination of alluvial gravel aquifers by septic tank effluent . Water, air and soil pollution , 28 : 407 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. , Davies‐Colley , R. J. and Bell , R. G. 1994 . Inactivation of enterococci and fecal coliforms from sewage and meatworks effluents in seawater chambers . Applied and environmental microbiology , 60 : 2040 – 2048 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. , Donnison , A. M. and Hastie , C. M. 1993 . Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: a review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival and use . New Zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 27 : 117 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA . 1986 . Ambient water quality criteria for bacteria‐1986: USEPA Report EPA440/5–84–002 , Washington, D. C. : United States Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Vasconcelos , G. J. and Swartz , R. G. 1976 . Survival of bacteria in seawater using a diffusion chamber apparatus in situ . Applied and environmental microbiology , 31 : 913 – 920 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volterra , L. , Bonadonna , L. and Aulicino , F. A. 1986 . Faecal streptococci recoveries in different marine areas . Water, air and soil pollution , 29 : 403 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waitkins , S. A. , Ball , L. C. and Frazer , C. A. M. 1980 . A shortened scheme for the identification of indifferent streptococci . Journal of clinical pathology , 33 : 47 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waitkins , S. A. , Anderson , D. R. and Todd , F. K. 1981 . An evaluation of the API‐STREP identification system . Medical laboratory sciences , 38 : 35 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheater , D. W. F. , Mara , D. D. and Oragui , J. 1979 . “ Indicator systems to distinguish sewage from stormwater run‐off and human from animal faecal material ” . In Biological indicators of water quality , Edited by: James , A. and Evison , L. 21–1 – 21–7 . John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 1982 . Examination of water for pollution control, Vol. 3: Biological, bacteriological and virological examination , Edited by: Suess , M. J. Vol. 3 , 531 Geneva : Pergamon Press for the World Health Organisation .
   Google Scholar