Nitrogen yields from New Zealand coastal catchments to receiving estuaries

References

• Aber , JD , Magill , A , Boone , R , Merlillo , JM , Steudler , P and Bowden , R . 1993 . Plant and soil responses to chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts . Ecological Applications , 3 : 156 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AgResearch . 1999 . Overseer user manual: nutrient budget programs , Palmerston North, , New Zealand : AgResearch .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , RB , Elliott , AH , Shankar , U and McBride , GB . 2002 . Estimating the sources and transport of nutrients in the Waikato River Basin New Zealand . Water Resources Research , 38 : 1268 – 1290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augusto , L , Crampon , N , Saur , E , Bakker , MR , Pellerin , S , de Lavaissiere , C and Trichet , P . 2005 . High rates of nitrogen fixation of Ulex species in the understory of maritime pine stands and the potential effect of phosphorus fertilization . Canadian Journal of Forest Research‐Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere , 35 : 1183 – 1192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , TG , Hodgkiss , PD and Oliver , GR . 1985 . Accession and cycling of elements in a coastal stand of Pinus radiata D. Don in New Zealand . Plant and Soil , 86 : 303 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball , PR and Field , TRO . 1985 . “ Productivity and economics of legume based pastures and grass sward receiving fertiliser nitrogen in New Zealand ” . In Forage legumes for energy efficient animal production , Edited by: Barnes , RF , Ball , PR , Brougham , RW , Marten , GC and Minson , DJ . Palmerston North, , New Zealand : Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Grasslands Division .
   Google Scholar
• Barton , L , McLay , CDA , Schipper , LA and Smith , CT . 1999 . Annual denitrification rates in agricultural and forest soils: a review . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 37 : 1073 – 1093 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , AS , Sherlock , RR , Smith , NP , Cameron , KC and Goh , KM . 1985 . Effects of form of nitrogen, season, and urea application rate on ammonia volatilization from pastures . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 28 : 469 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolan , NS , Saggar , S , Luo , JF , Bhandral , R and Singh , J . 2004 . Gaseous emissions of nitrogen from grazed pastures: processes, measurements and modelling, environmental implications, and mitigation . Advances in Agronomy , 84 : 37 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , JL , Kroeger , KD , Tomasky , G , Pabich , WJ , Cole , ML , Carmichael , RH and Valiela , I . 2007 . A review of land‐sea coupling by groundwater discharge of nitrogen to New England estuaries: mechanisms and effects . Applied Geochemistry , 22 : 175 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer , EW , Goodale , CL , Jaworsk , NA and Howarth , RW . 2002 . Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern USA . Biogeochemistry , 57 : 137 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caradus , JR , Woodfield , DR and Stewart , AV . 1996 . “ Overview and vision for white clover: New Zealand's competitive edge ” . In Grassland research and practice series , Edited by: Woodfield , DR . vol. 6 , Palmerston North, , New Zealand : New Zealand Grassland Association .
   Google Scholar
• Carmichael , RH , Annett , B and Valielal . 2004 . Nitrogen loading to Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod: application of models and stable isotopes to detect incipient nutrient enrichment of estuaries . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 48 : 137 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherkauer , DS , McKereghan , PF and Schalch , LH . 1992 . Delivery of chloride and nitrate by ground water to the Great Lakes ‐ case study for the Door Peninsula, Wisconsin . Ground Water , 30 : 885 – 894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chintala , MM , Wigand , C and Thursby , G . 2006 . Comparison of Geukensia demissa populations in Rhode Island fringe salt marshes with varying nitrogen loads . Marine Ecology‐Progress Series , 320 : 101 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egunjobi , JK . 1969 . Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in secondary successions involving gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) and associated shrubs and trees . New Zealand Journal of Science , 12 : 175 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , S and Sorrell , B . 2002 . Lake managers’ handbook: land‐water interactions , 78 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , A and Stroud , M . 2001 . “ Prediction of nutrient loads entering Lake Taupo under various landuse scenarios ” . Hamilton, , New Zealand : National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd . Unpublished client report,
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , A , Alexander , R , Schwarz , G , Shankar , U , Sukias , J and McBride , G . 2005 . Estimation of nutrient sources and transport for New Zealand using the hybrid mechanistic‐statistical model SPARROW . Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) , 44 : 1 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Freiberg , C , Fellay , R , Bairoch , A , Broughton , WJ , Rosenthal , A and Perret , X . 1997 . Molecular basis of symbiosis between Rhizobium and legumes . Nature , 387 : 394 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galbraith , LM and Burns , CW . 2007 . Linking land‐use, water body type and water quality in southern New Zealand . Landscape Ecology , 22 : 231 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh , KM and Bruce , GE . 2005 . Comparison of biomass production and biological nitrogen fixation of multi‐species pastures (mixed herb leys) with perennial ryegrass‐white clover pasture with and without irrigation in Canterbury, New Zealand . Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , 110 : 230 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh , KM and Ridgen , GE . 1997 . Comparison of understorey biological nitrogen fixation and biomass production in grassed‐down conventional and organic apple orchards in Canterbury, New Zealand . Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis , 28 : 1103 – 1116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamill , KD and McBride , GB . 2003 . River water quality trends and increased dairying in Southland, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 37 : 323 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath , JA and Huebert , BJ . 1999 . Cloudwater deposition as a source of fixed nitrogen in a Hawaiian montane forest . Biogeochemistry , 44 : 119 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howarth , RW , Billen , G , Swaney , D and others . 1996 . Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: natural and human influences . Biogeochemistry , 35 : 75 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , SC and Ledgard , S . 2002 . Ammonia emissions from intensive dairying: a comparison of contrasting systems in the United Kingdom and New Zealand . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 92 : 83 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knisel , W . 1993 . GLEAMS: Groundwater loading effects of agricultural management systems , 260 United States : Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Georgia .
   Google Scholar
• Korom , SF . 1992 . Natural denitrification in the saturated zone—a review . Water Resources Research , 28 : 1657 – 1668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larned , ST , Scarsbrook , MR , Snelder , TH , Norton , NJ and Biggs , BJF . 2004 . Water quality in low‐elevation streams and rivers of New Zealand: recent state and trends in contrasting land‐cover classes . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 38 : 347 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledgard , SF , Penno , JW and Sporsen , MS . 1999 . Nitrogen inputs and losses from grass/clover pastures grazed by dairy cows, as affected by nitrogen fertilizer application . Journal of Agricultural Science , 132 : 215 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett , GM . 1994 . Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and pollutants in North America: an ecological perspective . Ecological Applications , 4 : 629 – 650 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay , CL . 1976 . An inventory of the status and origin of New Zealand estuarine systems . Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society , 23 : 8 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) . 2007 . “ Fertiliser use statistics ” . http://www.maf.govt. nz/statistics/fertiliser/excel/fertiliser‐application. xls [accessed 23 October 2007]
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment . 1997 . Reducing the impacts of agricultural runoff on water quality , 44 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Monaghan , RM , Hedley , MJ , Di , HJ , McDowelli , RW , Cameron , KC and Ledgard , SF . 2007 . Nutrient management in New Zealand pastures—recent developments and future issues . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 50 : 181 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichol , SE , Harvey , MJ and Boyd , IS . 1997 . Ten years of rainfall chemistry in New Zealand . Clean Air , 31 : 30 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Niyogi , DK , Simon , KS and Townsend , CR . 2003 . Breakdown of tussock grass in streams along a gradient of agricultural development in New Zealand . Freshwater Biology , 48 : 1698 – 1708 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niyogi , DK , Koren , M , Arbuckle , CJ and Townsend , CR . 2007 . Stream communities along a catchment land‐use gradient: subsidy‐stress responses to pastoral development . Environmental Management , 39 : 213 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara , P , Freney , J and Ulyatt , M . 2003 . Abatement of agricultural non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions , Report for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Wellington, , New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• Parfitt , RL , Schipper , LA , Baisden , WT and Elliott , AH . 2006 . Nitrogen inputs and outputs for New Zealand in 2001 at national and regional scales . Biogeochemistry , 80 : 71 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment . 2004 . Growing for good: intensive farming, sustainability and New Zealand's environment , Wellington, , New Zealand : Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Postma , D , Boesen , C , Kristiansen , H and Larsen , F . 1991 . Nitrate reduction in an unconfined sandy aquifer—water chemistry, reduction processes, and geochemical modeling . Water Resources Research , 27 : 2027 – 2045 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pridmore , RD , Vant , WN and Rutherford , JC . 1985 . Chlorophyllnutrient relationships in North‐Island lakes (New Zealand) . Hydrobiologia , 121 : 181 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn , JM . 2000 . “ Effects of pastoral development ” . In New Zealand stream invertebrates: ecology and implications for management , Edited by: Collier , KJ and Winterbourn , MJ . 208 – 229 . Christchurch, , New Zealand : New Zealand Limnological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , JM and Stroud , MJ . 2002 . Water quality and sediment and nutrient export from New Zealand hill‐land catchments of contrasting land use . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 36 : 409 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabalais , NN . 2002 . Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems . Ambio , 31 : 102 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , SJ , Peltzer , DA , Allen , RB , McGlone , MS and Parfitt , RL . 2004 . Rapid development of phosphorus limitation in temperate rainforest along the Franz Josef soil chronosequence . Oecologia , 139 : 267 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford , JC . 1984 . Trends in Lake Rotorua water‐quality . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 18 : 355 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryther , JH and Dunstan , WM . 1971 . Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in coastal marine environment . Science , 171 : 1008 – 1013 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanson , RL . 2005 . The AgriBase™ farm location database . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 65 : 93 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Schipper , LA , Percival , HJ and Sparling , GP . 2004 . An approach for estimating when soils will reach maximum nitrogen storage . Soil Use and Management , 20 : 281 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , NA , Parfitt , RL , Ross , DJ and Salt , GJ . 1998 . Carbon and nitrogen transformations in New Zealand plantation forest soils from sites with different N status . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 28 : 967 – 976 .
   Google Scholar
• Silva , RG , Cameron , KC , Di , HJ and Jorgensen , EE . 2005 . A lysimeter study to investigate the effect of dairy effluent and urea on cattle urine N losses, plant uptake and soil retention . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 164 : 57 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , HJ . 2003 . The shape we're in . Science , 302 : 1171 – 1171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr , RC and Gillham , RW . 1993 . Denitrification and organic‐carbon availability in 2 aquifers . Ground Water , 31 : 934 – 947 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand . 2004 . “ Exports and imports ” . http:// www.stats.govt.nz/economy/exports‐and‐imports/ default.htm [accessed 19 March 2008]
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , R and Smith , I . 1997 . The state of New Zealand's environment 1997 , 653 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of the Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Terralink . 2004 . New Zealand Land Cover Database (LCDB2) , 14 Wellington, , New Zealand : Terralink International Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , RC and Mead , DJ . 1992 . Uptake of nitrogen by Pinus radiata and retention within the soil after applying 15N‐labelled urea at different frequencies. 1. Growth response and nitrogen budgets . Forest Ecology and Management , 53 : 131 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unkovich , MJ , Pate , JS , Armstrong , EL and Sanford , P . 1995 . Nitrogen economy of annual crop and pasture legumes in southwest Australia . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 27 : 585 – 588 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valiela , I and Costa , JE . 1988 . Eutrophication of Buttermilk Bay, a Cape‐Cod coastal embayment—concentrations of nutrients and watershed nutrient budgets . Environmental Management , 12 : 539 – 553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valiela , I , Collins , G , Kremer , J , Lajtha , K , Geist , M , Seely , M , Brawley , J and Sham , CH . 1997 . Nitrogen loading from coastal watersheds to receiving estuaries: new method and application . Ecological Applications , 7 : 358 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valiela , I , Geist , M , McClelland , J and Tomasky , G . 2000 . Nitrogen loading from watersheds to estuaries: verification of the Waquoit Bay nitrogen loading model . Biogeochemistry , 49 : 277 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valiela , I , Mazzilli , S , Bowen , JL , Kroeger , KD , Cole , ML , Tomasky , G and Isaji , T . 2004 . ELM, an estuarine nitrogen loading model: formulation and verification of predicted concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen . Water Air and Soil Pollution , 157 : 365 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Breemen , N , Boyer , EW , Goodale , CL , Jaworski , NA , Paustian , K , Seitzinger , SP , Lajtha , K , Mayer , B , Van Dam , D , Howarth , RW , Nadelhoffer , KJ , Eve , M and Billen , G . 2002 . Where did all the nitrogen go? Fate of nitrogen inputs to large watersheds in the northeastern USA . Biogeochemistry , 57 : 267 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt , MS , Clinton , PW , Whitehead , D , Richardson , B , Mason , EG and Leckie , AC . 2003 . Above‐ground biomass accumulation and nitrogen fixation of broom (Cytisus scoparius L.) growing with juvenile Pinus radiata on a dryland site . Forest Ecology and Management , 184 : 93 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb , TH , Lilburne , LR and Francis , GS . 2001 . Validation of the GLEAMS simulation model for estimating net nitrogen mineralisation and nitrate leaching under cropping in Canterbury, New Zealand . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 39 : 1015 – 1025 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskel , PK and Howes , BL . 1991 . Quantifying dissolved nitrogen flux through a coastal watershed . Water Resources Research , 27 : 2929 – 2939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , D , Ledgard , S , DeKlein , C , Monaghan , R , Carey , P and Johns , K . 2003 . OVERSEER^® nutrient budget 2—a decision support tool , Palmerston North, , New Zealand : Fertiliser and Lime Research Centre, Massey University .
   Google Scholar
• Wigand , C , McKinney , RA , Charpentier , MA , Chintala , MM and Thursby , GB . 2003 . Relationships of nitrogen loadings, residential development, and physical characteristics with plant structure in New England salt marshes . Estuaries , 26 : 1494 – 1504 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcock , R . 1986 . Agricultural run‐off: a source of water pollution in New Zealand . New Zealand Agricultural Science , 20 : 98 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcock , RJ , Monaghan , RM , Quinn , JM , Campbell , AM , Thorrold , BS , Duncan , MJ , McGowan , AW and Betteridge , K . 2006 . Land‐use impacts and water quality targets in the intensive dairying catchment of the Toenepi Stream, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 40 : 123 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , R , Elliott , S , Shankar , U , Bidwell , V , Harris , S , Wheeler , D , Clothier , B , Green , S , Hewitt , A , Gibb , R and Parfit , R . 2006 . The CLUES project: predicting the effects of land use on water quality—Stage II , National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd . Report prepared for Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (New Zealand), http://www.mafgovt.nz/mafnet/rural‐nz/sustainable‐resource‐use/clues/stage‐2/index.htm [accessed 16 February 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Zahran , HH . 2001 . Rhizobia from wild legumes: diversity, taxonomy, ecology, nitrogen fixation and biotechnology . Journal of Biotechnology , 91 : 143 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar