Knowledge gathering and communication on biodiversity: Developing the Norwegian Nature Index

References

• Alkemade , R. , van Oorschot , M. , Miles , L. , Nellemann , C. , Bakkenes , M. and ten Brink , B. 2009 . GLOBIO3: A framework to investigate options for reducing global terrestrial biodiversity loss 2009 . Ecosystems , 12 : 374 – 390 . doi: 10.1007/s10021-009-9229-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslaksen , I. , Framstad , E. , Garnåsjordet , P.A. and Lillegård , M. 2012 . The Norwegian Nature Index: Expert evaluations in precautionary approaches to biodiversity policy . Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography , 66 : 257 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braat , L. , ten Brink , P. , Bakkes , J. , Bolt , K. , Braeuer , I. , ten Brink , B. , Chiabai , A. , Ding , H. , Gerdes , H. , Jeuken , M. , Kettunen , M. , Kirchholtes , U. , Klok , C. , Markandya , A. , Nunes , P. , van Oorschot , M. , Peralta-Bezerra , N. , Rayment , M. , Travisi , C. & Walpole , M. 2008 . The Cost of Policy Inaction: The Case of Not Meeting the 2010 Biodiversity Target . Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) , Brussels .
   Google Scholar
• Convention on Biological Diversity . 2010 . The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets . UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/ X/2 . United Nations Environmental Program , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Carlsson , L. and Sandstrøm , A. 2008 . Network governance of the commons . International Journal of the Commons , 2 : 33 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Certain , G. , Skarpaas , O. , Bjerke , J.W. , Framstad , E. , Lindholm , M. , Nilsen , J.E. , Norderhaug , A. , Oug , E. , Pedersen , H.C. , Schartau , A.K. , van der Meeren , G.I. , Aslaksen , I. , Engen , S. , Garnåsjordet , P.A. , Kvaløy , P. , Lillegård , M. , Yoccoz , N.G. and Nybø , S. 2011 . The Nature Index: A general framework for synthesizing knowledge on the state of biodiversity . PLoS ONE , 6 : e18930 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dankel , D.J. , Aps , R. , Padda , G. , Röckmann , C. , van der Sluijs , J.P. , Wilson , D.C. & Degnbol , P. 2011 . Advice under uncertainty in the marine system . ICES Journal of Marine Science 69 , 3 – 7 . doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado , A. , Funtowicz , S. and Dankel , D.J. 2012 . Super-computers, evolution and the fabrication of life: How can science and technology studies (STS) contribute to more reflexive developments in systems and synthetic biology? . International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development , 3 : 11 – 24 . doi: 10.4018/jsesd.2012040102
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , M. and Wildavsky , A. 1982 . Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dryzek , J.S. 1997 . The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• EC . 2000 . Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 Establishing a Framework for the Community Action in the Field of Water Policy . Official Journal L 327 , 22.12.2000 , 1 – 82 . EUR-Lex. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0060:EN:NOT (accessed 1 November 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Figari , H. 2012 . The ambivalent nature of biodiversity: Scientists’ perspectives on the Norwegian Nature Index . Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography , 66 : 272 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , R.A. and Goodman , M.K. 2010 . Post-normal science and the art of nature conservation . Journal for Nature Conservation , 18 : 89 – 105 . doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2009.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funtowicz , S. and Ravetz , J.R. 1990 . Uncertainty and Quality in Knowledge for Policy , Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Funtowicz , S.O. and Ravetz , J.R. 1994 . The worth of a songbird: Ecological economics as a post-normal science . Ecological Economics , 10 : 197 – 207 . doi: 10.1016/0921-8009(94)90108-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funtowicz , S. & Strand , R. 2007 . Models of science and policy . Traavik , T. & Lim , L.C. Biosafety First: Holistic Approaches to Risk and Uncertainty in Genetic Engineering and Genetically Modified Organisms , 263 – 278 . Tapir Academic Press , Trondheim .
   Google Scholar
• Funtowicz , S. and Strand , R. 2011 . Change and commitment: Beyond risk and responsibility . Journal of Risk Research , 14 : 995 – 1003 . doi: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Biodiversity Outlook . 2010 . Global Biodiversity Outlook 3 . Convention on Biological Diversity . United Nations Environmental Program , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Gough , C. , Castells , N. and Funtowicz , S. 1998 . Integrated assessment: An emerging methodology for complex issues . Environmental Modeling and Assessment , 3 : 19 – 29 . doi: 10.1023/A:1019042201713
   Google Scholar
• Hauge , K.H. 2011 . Uncertainty and hyper-precision in fisheries science and policy . Futures , 43 : 173 – 181 . doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2010.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood , V.H. and Iriondo , J.M. 2003 . Plant conservation: Old problems, new perspectives . Biological Conservation , 113 : 321 – 335 . doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00121-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme , M. , Mahony , M. , Beck , S. , Görg , C. , Hansjürgens , B. , Hauck , J. , Nesshöver , C. , Paulsch , A. , Vandewalle , M. , Wittmer , H. , Böschen , S. , Bridgewater , P. , Diaw , M.C. , Fabre , P. , Figueroa , A. , Heong , K.L. , Korn , H. , Leemans , R. , Lövbrand , E. , Hamid , M.N. , Monfreda , C. , Pielke , R. , Settele , J. , Winter , M. , Vadrot , A.B.M. , van den Hove , S. & van der Sluijs , J.P. 2011 . Science-policy interface: Beyond assessments . Science 333 ( 6043 ), 697 – 698 . doi: 10.1126/science.333.6043.697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørstad , E. and Skogen , K. 2010 . The Norwegian Red List between science and policy . Environmental Science & Policy , 13 : 15 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Kallis , G. and Butler , D. 2001 . The EU water framework directive: Measures and implications . Water Policy , 3 : 125 – 142 . doi: 10.1016/S1366-7017(01)00007-1
   Google Scholar
• Mace , G.M. , Norris , K. & Fitter , A.H. 2011 . Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multilayered relationship . Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27 , 19 – 26 . doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millennium Ecosystem Assessment . 2003 . Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment . Island Press , Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Nybø , S. 2010 . Naturindeks for Norge 2010 . DN-utredning 3-2010 . Direktoratet for naturforvaltning , Trondheim .
   Google Scholar
• Nybø , S. , Certain , G. and Skarpaas , O. 2012 . The Norwegian Nature Index – state and trends of biodiversity in Norway . Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography , 66 : 241 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravetz , J. 2003 . The post-normal science of precaution . Futures , 36 : 347 – 357 . doi: 10.1016/S0016-3287(03)00160-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal Society of London . n.d . Science as a Public Enterprise . http://royalsociety.org/policy/sape/ (accessed 20 September 2011) .
   Google Scholar
• Saltelli , A. 2007 . Composite indicators between analysis and advocacy . Social Indicators Research , 811 : 65 – 77 . doi: 10.1007/s11205-006-0024-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandstrøm , C. , Hovik , S. & Falleth , E.I. 2008 . Omstridd natur: Trender & utmaningar i nordisk naturforvaltning . Boréa bokförlag , Umeå .
   Google Scholar
• Scholes , R.J. & Biggs , R. 2005 . A biodiversity intactness index . Nature 434 ( 3 March 2005 ), 45 – 49 . doi: 10.1038/nature03289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , M. and Thompson , M. 1990 . Divided We Stand: Redefining Politics, Technology and Social Choice , New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Seippel , Ø. and Strandbu , Å. 2012 . Political framings of biological diversity – the case of the Norwegian Nature Index . Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography , 66 : 279 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seippel , Ø. , De Marchi , B. , Garnåsjordet , P.A. and Aslaksen , I. 2012 . Public opinions on biological diversity in Norway: Politics, science, or culture? . Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography , 66 : 290 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarpaas , O. , Certain , G. and Nybø , S. 2012 . The Norwegian Nature Index – conceptual framework and methodology . Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography , 66 : 250 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spash , C.L. 2008 . How much is that ecosystem in the window? The one with the bio-diverse trail . Environmental Values , 17 : 259 – 284 . doi: 10.3197/096327108X303882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TEEB . 2009 . The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers – Summary: Responding to the Value of Nature (2009) . http://www.teebweb.org/Portals/25/Documents/TEEB_D1%20summary%20FINAL%20DOC.pdf (accessed 3 September 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• ten Brink , B. 2006 . A Long-Term Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Awareness Research Network: Indicators as Communication Tools: An Evolution Towards Composite Indicators WPR2-2006-D3b . http://www.globio.info/downloads/79/Report+-+ten+Brink+(2006)+Indicators+as+communication+tools-.pdf (accessed 1 December 2011) .
   Google Scholar
• ten Brink , B.J.E. & Tekelenburg , T. 2002 . Biodiversity: How Much is Left? The Natural Capital Index framework (NCI) . RIVM , Bilthoven . http://www.globio.info/downloads/269/Natural+Capital+Index+folder.pdf (accessed 4 September 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Wickson , F. 2008 . Narratives of nature and nanotechnology . Nature Nanotechnology , 3 : 313 – 315 . doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar