REFERENCES

  • Af Edholm, K.W., 2016. Människooffer i fornnordisk religion. En diskussion utifrån arkeologiskt material och källtexter [Human sacrifice in Old Norse religion: A discussion based on archaeological material and text sources]. Chaos: Skandinavisk Tidsskrift for Religionshistoriske Studier, 1 (65), 125–148.
  • Aspöck, E., 2008. What actually is a ‘deviant burial’? Comparing German-language and anglophone research on ‘deviant burials’. In: E.M. Murphy, ed. Deviant burial in the archaeological record. Oxford: Oxbow, 17–34.
  • Bennike, P., 1985. Palaeopathology of Danish skeletons. Copnehagen: Akademisk Forlag.
  • Birgisson, B., 2007. Inn i skaldens sinn. Kognitive, estetiske og historiske skatter i den norrøne skaldediktingen. Unpublished (PhD dissertation). University of Bergen. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2732 [Accessed 7 Jun 2020].
  • Bourdillon, M.F.C., and Fortes, M., eds, 1980. Sacrifice. London: Academic Press.
  • Bray, D., 2002. Sacrifice and sacrificial ideology in Old Norse religion. In: C. Hartney and A. McGarrity, eds. The dark side: proceedings of the seventh Australian and international religion, literature and the arts conference, 2002. Sydney: RLA Press, 123–135.
  • Davidson, H.E., 1992. Human sacrifice in the late pagan period in North Western Europe. In: M.O.H. Carver, ed. The age of Sutton Hoo: the seventh century in North-western Europe. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 331–342.
  • Davidson, H.E., 1993. The lost beliefs of Northern Europe. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Dickinson, T.M., 1974. Cuddesdon and Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire: two early Saxon ‘princely’ sites in Wessex. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 1.
  • Fredengren, C., and Löfqvist, C., 2015. Food for Thor: the deposition of human and animal remains in a Swedish Wetland. Journal of Wetland Archaeology, 15 (1), 122–148. doi:10.1080/14732971.2015.1114236
  • Frei, K.M., et al., 2015. Strontium isotope investigations of the Haraldskær woman – a complex record of various tissues. ArcheoSciences. Revue d’archéométrie, 39, 93–101. doi:10.4000/archeosciences.4407
  • Gardela, L., 2011. Buried with honour and stoned to death? The ambivalence of Viking Age magic in the light of archaeology. Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia, 4, 341–375.
  • Gardela, L., 2013a. The headless Norsemen. Decapitation in Viking Age Scandinavia. In: L. Gardeła and K. Kajkowski, eds.. Motyw głowy w dawnych kulturach w perspektywie porównawczej/The Head Motif in Past Societies in a Comparative Perspective [Mie¸dzynarodowe Spotkania Interdyscyplinarne Motywy Przez Wieki/International Interdisciplinary Meetings Motifs Through the Ages], Vol. 1. Bytów: Muzeum Zachodniokaszubskie, 88–155.
  • Gardela, L., 2013b. The dangerous dead? Rethinking Viking-Age deviant burials. In: L. Słupecki and R. Simek, eds. Conversions: looking for ideological change in the early Middle Ages Studia Medievalia Septentrionalia, Vol. 23. Wien: Fassbaender, 99–136.
  • Gardela, L., 2015. Vampire burials in medieval Poland. An overview of past controversies and recent reevaluations. Lund Archaeological Review, 21, 107–126.
  • Gardela, L., 2017. Bad death in the early Middle Ages: atypical burials from Poland in a comparative perspective. Rzeszów: Wydawca.
  • Gardeła, L., and Duma, P., 2013. Untimely death: atypical burials of children in early and late medieval Poland. World Archaeology, 45 (2), 314–332. doi:10.1080/00438243.2013.799040
  • Gardeła, L., and Kajkowski, K., 2013. Vampires, criminals or slaves? Reinterpreting ‘deviant burials’ in early medieval Poland. World Archaeology, 45 (5), 780–796. doi:10.1080/00438243.2013.849853
  • Green, M.A., 1998. Humans as ritual victims in the later prehistory of Western Europe. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 17 (2), 169–189. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00057
  • Green, M.A., 2001. Dying for the gods: human sacrifice in iron age & Roman Europe. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd.
  • Harman, W., 2000. Meaningful violence? Reflections on the dynamics of human sacrifice. Soundings, 83 (1), 119–135.
  • Hayman, G., et al., 2005. A Saxon and Saxo-Norman execution cemetery at 42–54 London road, staines. Archaeological Journal, 162 (1), 215–255. doi:10.1080/00665983.2005.11020625
  • Lincoln, B., 1991. Death, war, and sacrifice: studies in ideology and practice. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Løvschal, M., and Holst, M.K., 2018. Governing martial traditions: post-conflict ritual sites in iron age Northern Europe (200 BC–AD 200). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 50, 27–39. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2018.01.003
  • Mayblin, M., and Course, M., 2014. The other side of sacrifice: introduction. Ethnos, 79 (3), 307–319. doi:10.1080/00141844.2013.841720
  • Murphy, E., ed., 2008. Deviant burial in the archaeological record. Oxford: Oxbow.
  • Naumann, E., et al. 2014. Slaves as burial gifts in Viking Age Norway? Evidence from stable isotope and ancient DNA analyses. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 41, 533–540.
  • Nordberg, A., 2002. Vertikalt placerade vapen i vikingatida gravar. Fornvännen, 97, 15–24.
  • Price, N.S., 2002. The Viking Way: religion and war in late iron age Sacndinavia. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History.
  • Ptacek, M., 2006. Sacrificing sacrifice. Theory and Society, 35 (5/6), 587–600. doi:10.1007/s11186-006-9019-4
  • Reynolds, A., 1996. Anglo-Saxon human sacrifice at cuddesdon and Sutton Hoo? Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 7, 23–30. doi:10.5334/pia.97
  • Reynolds, A., 2009. Anglo-Saxon deviant burial customs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sauvé, M.L., 1970. The divine victim: aspects of human sacrifice in viking Scandinavia and Vedic India. In: J. Puhvel, ed. Myths and law among the Indo-Europeans. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 137–192.
  • Ström, F., 1942. On the sacral origin of the Germanic death penalties. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand.
  • Ström, F., 1986. Bog corpses and Germania, Ch. 12. In: G. Steinsland, ed. Words and objects: towards a dialogue between archaeology and history of religion. Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 223–239.
  • Struve, K.W., 1967. Die Moorleiche von Datgen. Offa, 24, 33–76.
  • Thompson, D., ed., 1995. The concise Oxford dictionary of current English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Turville-Petre, E.O.G., 1964. Myth and religion of the North: the religion of ancient Scandinavia. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Valeri, V., 1985. Kingship and sacrifice. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • van der Sanden, W., 1996. Through nature to eternity - the bog bodies of Northwest Europe. Amsterdam: Batavian Lion International.
  • Ward, D.J., 1970. The three-fold death: an Indo-European trifunctional sacrifice? In: J. Puhvel, ed. Myths and law among the Indo-Europeans. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 123–142.
  • Watts, J., et al., 2015a. Broad supernatural punishment but not moralizing high gods precede the evolution of political complexity in Austronesia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282, 20142556. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2556
  • Watts, J., et al., 2015b. Pulotu: database of Austronesian supernatural beliefs and practices. PLoS ONE, 10 (9), e0136783. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136783
  • Watts, J., et al., 2016. Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies. Nature, 532, 228–234. doi:10.1038/nature17159
  • Weiss-Krejci, E., 2008. Unusual life, unusual death and the tate of the corpse: a case study from dynastic Europe. In: E.M. Murphy, ed. Deviant burial in the archaeological record. Oxford: Oxbow, 169–190.
  • Winkelman, M., 2014. Political and demographic-ecological determinants of institutionalised human sacrifice. Anthropological Forum, 24 (1), 47–70. doi:10.1080/00664677.2014.860888

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.