Use of Modern Pollen Samples and Estimated Pollen Representation Factors as Aids in the Interpretation of Cultural Activity in Local Pollen Diagrams

References

• Andersen , S. T. 1970 . The relative pollen productivity and representation of north European trees , Damn. Geol. Unders., 2. Series 96 1 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , S. T. 1984 . Forests at Lervenholm, Djursland, Denmark, at present and in the past . K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. BwI. Skr , 24 : 1 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austad , I. and Skogen , A. 1988 . “ Havråtunet i Osteray kommune. En botanisk-⊘kologisk analyse og en plan for istandsetting og skj⊘tsel av kulturlandskapet ” . In Økoforsk rapport 13, Økoforsk program for anvendt ⊘kologisk forskning
   Google Scholar
• Bakka , E. and Kaland , P. E. 1971 . Early farming in Hordaland, Western Norway. Problems and approaches in archaeology and pollen analysis . Norw. Arch. Rev , 4 : 1 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Behre , K.‐E. 1981 . The interpretation of anthropogenic indicators in pollen diagrams . Pollen Spores , 23 : 225 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Berglund , B. E. 1985 . Early agriculture in Scandinavia: research problems related to pollen-analytical studies . Norw. Arch. Rev , 18 : 77 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Kvamme , M. 1988 . “ Pollen analytical studies of mountain summer-farming in western Norway ” . In The Cultural Landscape -Past, Present and Future , Edited by: Birks , H. H. , Birks , H. J. B. , Kaland , P. E. and Moe , D. 349 – 367 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Losvik , M. H. 1993 . “ Total species number as a criterion for conservation of hay meadows ” . In Landscape Ecology and Agroecosystems , Edited by: Bunce , R. G. H. , Ryszkowski , L. and Paoletti , M. G. 105 – 111 . Boca Raton : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Moe , D. , Indrelid , S. and Fasteland , A. 1988 . “ The Halne area, Hardangervidda. Use of a high mountain area during 5000 years: an interdisciplinary case-study ” . In The Cultural Landscape - Past, Present and Future , Edited by: Birks , H. H. , Birks , H. J. B. , Kaland , P. E. and Moe , D. 429 – 444 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moen , A. and Odland , A. 1993 . Vegetasjonseksjoner i Norge , Univ. Trondheim Vitensk. Mus. Rapp. Bot. Ser 2 37 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Orloci , L. 1967 . An agglomerative method for classification of plant communities . J. Ecol , 55 : 193 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overpeck , J. T. , Webb , T. and Prentice , I. C. 1985 . Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs . Quat. Res , 23 : 87 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , R. W. and Prentice , I. C. 1981 . Statistical approaches to R-values and the pollen-vegetation relationship . Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol , 32 : 127 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasch-Danielsen , L. 1993 . Prehistoric agriculture revealed by pollen analysis, plough-marks and sediment studies at Sola, south-western Norway . Veget. Hist Archaeobot , 2 : 233 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Prasch-Danielsen , L. and Simonsen , A. 1988 . Principal component analysis of pollen, charcoal and soil phosphate data as a tool in prehistoric land-use investigation at Forsandmoen, southwest Norway . Norw. Arch. Rev , 21 : 85 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Schübeler , F. C. 1862 . Die Kulturpflanzen Norwegens , Christiania : Br⊘gger & Christie .
   Google Scholar
• Skre , B. G. 1994 . Havråboka, soga om ein gammal gard på Oster⊘y , Oster⊘y : Stiftinga Havråtunet .
   Google Scholar
• Smilauer , P. 1992 . CanoDraw. User's Guide v. 3.0 , Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London .
   Google Scholar
• ter Braak , C. J. F. 1983 . Differential weights for samples and attributes in the ordination program DECORANA and the classification program TWINSPAN (Hill 1979) , Wageningen : Institute TNO for Mathematics, Information Processing and Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• ter Braak , C. J. F. 1987 . “ Ordination ” . In Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology , Edited by: Jongman , R. H. G , ter Braak , C. J. F. and van Tongeren , O. F. R. 91 – 173 . Wageningen : Pudoc .
   Google Scholar
• ter Braak , C. J. F . 1988 . CANOCO -- a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination , Ithaca, New York : Microcomputer Power .
   Google Scholar
• ter Braak , C. J. F. 1990 . Update Notes: CANOCO version 3.10 , Wageningen : Agricultural Mathematics Group .
   Google Scholar
• ter Braak , C. J. F. 1994 . Canonical community ordination. Part I: Basic theory and linear methods . Ecoscience , 1 : 127 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Braak , C. J. F. and Prentice , I. C. 1988 . A theory of gradient analysis . Adv. EcoL Res , 18 : 271 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Braak , C. J. F. , Juggins , S. , Birks , H. J. B. and van der Voet , H. 1993 . “ Weighted averaging partial least squares regression (WA-PLS): definition and comparison with other methods for species-environment calibration ” . In Multivariate Environmental Statistics , Edited by: Patil , G. P. and Rao , C. R. 525 – 560 . Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• van Tongeren , O. F. R. 1987 . “ Cluster analysis ” . In Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology , Edited by: Jongman , R. H. G. , ter Braak , C. J. F. and van Tongeren , O. F. R. 174 – 212 . Wageningen : Pudoc .
   Google Scholar
• Vorren , K.‐D. 1979 . Anthropogenic influence on the natural vegetation in coastal North Norway during the Holocene. Development of farming and pastures . Norw. Arch. Rev , 12 : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , H. E. 1967 . The use of surface samples in Quaternary pollen analysis . Rev. Palaeobot. Pafynol , 2 : 321 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Vorren , K.‐D. 1986 . “ The impact of early agriculture on the vegetation of Northern Norway. A discussion of anthropogenic indicators in biostratigraphical data ” . In Anthropogenic Indicators in Pollen Diagrams , Edited by: Behre , K.-E. 1 – 18 . Rotterdam : Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Hjelle , K. L. 1998b . The use of on-site pollen analysis, local pollen diagrams and modem pollen samples in investigations of cultural activity . Archaeologia Baltica , 3 : 87 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Hjelle , K. L. and Kaland , P. E. 1994 . Forhistorisk og historisk kulturlandskap i tilknytning til vemet bygningsmilj⊘ på Havrå, Oster⊘y , FOKprogrammets skriftserie nr. 16 Oslo : Norges forskningsrad .
   Google Scholar
• H⊘eg , O. A. 1976 . Planter og tradisjon. Floraen i levende tale og tradisjon i Norge 1925–1973 , Oslo : Universitetsforlaget .
   Google Scholar
• Iversen , J. 1941 . Land occupation in Denmark's Stone Age. A pollen-analytical study of the influence of farmer culture on the vegetational development , Danm. Geol. Unders⊘k. 2. Rk 20 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Iversen , J. 1947 . Plantevaekst, dyreliv og klima i det senglaciale Danmark . Geol. F⊘ren. Stockholm F⊘rhandl , 69 : 67 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Iversen , J. 1949 . The influence of prehistoric man on vegetation , Danm. Geol. Unders⊘k. 4. Rk 1 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. T. , Webb , T. , Prentice , I. C. and Hansen , J. E. 1995 . Exploration and calibration of pollen/vegetation relationships: a PC program for extended R-value models . Rev. Palaeobot. Patynol , 84 : 365 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund , B. E. , Emanuelsson , U. , Persson , S. and Persson , T. 1986 . “ Pollen/vegetaton relationships in grazed and mowed plant communities of South Sweden ” . In Anthropogenic Indicators in Pollen Diagrams , Edited by: Behre , K.-E. 37 – 51 . Rotterdam : Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Birks , H. J. B. 1990 . Indicator values of pollen types from post-6000 BP pollen assemblages from southern England and southern Sweden . Quaternary Studies in Poland , 10 : 21 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Birks , H. J. B. and Birks , H. H. 1980 . Quaternary Palaeoecology , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Birks , H. J. B. and Gordon , A. D. 1985 . Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Birks , H. J. B. , Line , J. M. , Juggins , S. , Stevenson , A. C. and ter Braak , C. J. F. 1990 . Diatoms and pH reconstruction . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Land , B527 : 263 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , R. H. W. 1981a . Modem pollenrepresentation factors for woods in south-east England . J. Ecol , 69 : 45 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , R. H. W. 1981b . Quantitative reconstruction of local woodland vegetation using pollen analysis from a small basin in Norfolk, England . J. Ecol , 69 : 941 – 955 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsen , A. 1970 . Pollen-analytical late Quaternary studies in the Ra district of Østfold, Southeast Norway , Univ. Bergen Arb. 1969. Mat.-Naturvitensk. ser 14
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. B. 1963 . On the theory of pollen analysis . Am. J. Sci , 261 : 897 – 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenberg , H. 1982 . Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer Sicht , Stuttgart : Eugen Ulmer .
   Google Scholar
• Faegri , K. 1944 . Studies on the Pleistocene of Western Norway. III. B⊘mlo , Bergens Mus. Årb. 1943. Naturvitensk. rk 8
   Google Scholar
• Faegri , K. 1970 . Norges planter. Bind I-III , Oslo : J. W. Cappelen .
   Google Scholar
• Faegri , K. and Iversen , J. 1989 . Textbook of Pollen Analysis. , 4th ed , Edited by: Faegri , K. , Kaland , P. E. and Krzywinski , K. Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Gaillard , M.‐J. , Birks , H. J. B. , Emanuelsson , U. and Berglund , B. E. 1992 . Modern pollen/landuse relationships as an aid in the reconstruction of past land-uses and cultural landscapes: an example from south Sweden . Veget. Hist. Archaeobot , 1 : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaillard , M.‐J. , Birks , H. J. B. , Emanuelsson , U. , Karlsson , S. , Lagerås , L. and Olausson , D. 1994 . Application of modem pollen/land-use relationships to the interpretation of pollen diagrams reconstructions of land-use history in south Sweden, 3000-0 BP . Rev. Palaeobot. Pafynol , 82 : 47 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillard , M.‐J. , Birks , H. J. B. , Karlsson , S. and Lagerås , P. 1996 . Quantitative reconstruction of past land-use and soil conditions using the modem analogue approach - a case study in South Sweden . Pact , 50 : 431 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• Grime , J. P. , Hodgson , J. G. and Hunt , R. 1990 . The Abridged Comparative Plant Ecology , London : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Hafsten , U. 1956 . “ Pollen-analytic investigation on the late Quaternary development in the inner Oslo fjord area ” . In Bergens Mus. Årb. 1956 , Naturvitensk. rk 8
   Google Scholar
• Hicks , S. 1988 . “ The representation of different farming practices in pollen diagrams from northern Finland ” . In The Cultural Landscape -- Past, Present and Future , Edited by: Birks , H. H. , Birks , H. J. B. , Kaland , P. E. and Moe , D. 189 – 207 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hicks , S. and Birks , H. J. B. 1996 . Numerical analysis of modem and fossil pollen spectra as a tool for elucidating the nature of fine-scale human activities in boreal areas . Veget. Hist. Archaeobot , 5 : 257 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , M. O. 1979 . TWlNSPAN - a FORTRAN Program for Arranging Multivariate Data in an Ordered Two-way Table by Classification of Individuals and Attributes , New York : Cornell University Ithaca .
   Google Scholar
• Hjelle , K. L. 1997 . Relationships between pollen and plants in human-influenced vegetation types using presence-absence data in western Norway . Rev. Palaeobot. Patynol , 99 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjelle , K. L. 1998a . Herb pollen representation in surface moss samples from mown meadows and pastures in western Norway . Veget. Hist. Archaeobot , 7 : 79 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , C. R. 1967 . A comparison between the recent regional pollen rain and the sub-recent vegetation in four major vegetation types in Minnesota (USA) . Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol , 2 : 331 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Juggins , S. and ter Braak , C. J. F. 1993 . CALIBRATE -- A program for species-environment calibration by (weighted averaging) partial least-squares regression , Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London . Unpublished computer program
   Google Scholar
• Losvik , M. H. 1988 . Phytosociology and ecology of old hay meadows in Hordaland, western Norway in relation to management . Vegetatio , 78 : 157 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Lundekvam , H. E. and Gauslaa , Y. 1986 . Phytosociology and ecology of mown grasslands in western Norway . Scientific Reports of the Agricultural University of Norway , 65 : 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar