Nabataean echoes in al-Ḥarrah: New evidence in light of recent field workFootnote^†

† The inscriptions presented here were collected by the authors while conducting field work in the eastern part of al-Ḥarrah in 2017. This project could not have been conducted without the help and support received from al-Hussein Bin Talal University and Mu'tah University who sponsored the entire project. Many thanks to the Department of Antiquities of Jordan for giving permission to conduct this survey. We are very grateful to Dr. Ahmad Al-Jallad and Michael Macdonald for their valuable suggestions and comments on an earlier draft of this article. For proofreading assistance thanks are due to Casey D. Allen. All errors are, of course, ours.

References

• Abbadi, S., 1996. ‘Ḏikr Ḥarb al-Anbāṭ wal-yahūd fī an-Nuqūš aṣ-Ṣafawīyah’, Muʾtah li-lbuḥāṯ wad-dirāsāt 11 (2), 239–51.
   Google Scholar
• Abbadi, S., 1997. ‘Naqš ṣafawī gadīd yuʾarraḫ ilā ar-rubʿ al-aḫīr min al-qarn al-awal qabl al-mīlad’, Abḥāṯ al-yarmūk 13 (3), 141–51.
   Google Scholar
• Abbadi, S., 2006. Nuqūš ṣafawīyah min wādī sālma (al-Bādiya al-Urdunnīya). Markaz Baḥṯ wa-taṭwīr al-Bādiya al-Urdunnīya. Amman.
   Google Scholar
• Abbadi, S., 2013. ‘King Rabbel II in a Safaitic inscription: An analytical study’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 145 (2), 119–25. doi: 10.1179/0031032813Z.00000000044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Husan, A. and Al-Rawabdeh, N., (forthcoming). ‘Revolt of the Nabataean Damasī: in the Light of New Epigraphic Material Evidence’, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, J., 1971. Al-Mufaṣṣal fī Tārīẖ al-‘Arab Qabl al-Islām. Volume 7. Dar al-ʿlm Lilmalāyīn, Baīroūt.
   Google Scholar
• Alolo, G., 1996. Dirāsat nuqūš Ṣafawīyah jadīdah min wādī al-sūʿ gonūb sūrīyyah. Risālat mājestayr ġayr manšwrah, jāmiʿat al-yarmoūk (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Banī Awwād, A., 1999. Dirāsat nuqūš ṣafawīyah gadīdah min gonūb wādī sārah/al-bādiyah al-ʾurdunnīyyah aš-šamālīyyah. Risālat mājestayr ġayr manšwrah, jāmiʿat al-yarmoūk (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Bowersock, G. W., 1971. ‘A Report on Arabia Provincia’, The Journal of Roman Studies 61, 219–42. doi: 10.2307/300018
   Google Scholar
• Bowersock, G. W., 1983. Roman Arabia, Cambridge, MA / London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cantineau, J., 1932. Le Nabatéen, Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux (2 vols).
   Google Scholar
• Clark, V., 1980. A Study of New Safaitic Inscriptions from Jordan, Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Graf, D. F., 1989. ‘Rome and the Saracens: Reassessing the Nomadic Menace’, in Fahd, T. (ed.), L’arabie préislamique et son environnement historique et culturel, Leiden: Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 340–41.
   Google Scholar
• Graf, D. F., 2007. ‘The Nabataeans under Roman Rule (after AD 106)’, in K. D. Politis (ed.), The World of the Nabataeans. Volume 2 of the International Conference «The World of the Herods and the Nabataeans» held at the British Museum, 17–19 April 2001, Stuttgart, 173–86.
   Google Scholar
• Graf, D. F. and Said, S., 2006. ‘New Nabataean Funerary Inscriptions from Umm Al-Jimāl’, Journal of Semitic Studies LI (2) Autumn, 267–303. doi: 10.1093/jss/fgl003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grushevoi, A., 1985. ‘The Tribe `Ubaishat in Safaitic, Nabataean and Greek Inscriptions’, Berytus: Archaeological Studies, 33, 51–54.
   Google Scholar
• Harahsheh, R., 2010. Nuqūš ṣafāʾiyyah min al-bādīyah al-urdunīyah a-šimālīyyah al-šarqīyah: dirāsah wataḥlīl. Dār Ward, Amman.
   Google Scholar
• Harding, G., 1971. An Index and Concordance of Pre- Islamic Arabian Names and Inscriptions, Toronto: Near and Middle East.
   Google Scholar
• Harding, G. L., 1972. ‘Safaitic Inscriptions from Tapline in Jordan’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 17, 5–14.
   Google Scholar
• Healey, J., 2001. The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus, (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 136), Leiden: E. J. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Healey, J., 1993. The Nabataean Tomb Inscriptions of Mada'in Salih, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Healey, J., 2009. Aramaic Inscriptions & Documents of the Roman Period: Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume IV, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ibn Manẓoūr, A., 1956. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut, Dār Ṣāder.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Jallad, A., 2015. An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Jastrow, M., 1903. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. Leipzig: W. Drugulin.
   Google Scholar
• Josephus, F., Jewish Antiquities, transl. Thackeray, H. and Marcus, R. William Heinemann, London.
   Google Scholar
• al-Khraysheh, F., 1995. ‘New Safaitic Inscriptions from Jordan’, Syria 72 (3–4): 401–14. doi: 10.3406/syria.1995.7452
   Google Scholar
• King, G., 1990. Early North Arabian Thamudic: A preliminary description based on a new corpus of inscriptions from the Hisma desert of southern Jordan and published material, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Knauf, E.A., 1983. ‘Zum Ethnarchen des Aretas 2.Kor 11.32’, Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 74, 145–47.
   Google Scholar
• Littmann, E., 1914. Semitic Inscriptions. Section A, Nabataean Inscriptions from Southern Hauran. Publication of Princeton University Archaeological Expedition to Syria, Leiden.
   Google Scholar
• Littmann, E., 1943. Safaitic Inscriptions, Leiden: Publication of Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria in 1904–1905 and 1909.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, M. C. A., 1992. ‘Safaitic’, in D. Freedman, G. Herion, D. Graf and Pleins J (eds), Anchor Bible Dictionary, Doubleday: New York, volume 3, 814–23.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, M. C. A., 1992a. ‘North Arabian Epigraphic Notes, I’, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 3, 24–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0471.1992.tb00029.x
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, M. C. A., 1993. ‘Nomads and the Hawran in the late Hellenistic and Roman Periods: a Reassessment of the Epigraphic Evidence’, Syria 70 (3–4), 303–403. doi: 10.3406/syria.1993.7341
   Google Scholar
• Milik, J. T., 1980.: ‘La Tribu des Bani ‘Amrat en Jordanie de l’époque grecque et romnaine’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 24, 41–54.
   Google Scholar
• Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro, 2013. ‘Greek Administrative Loanwords in Nabataean Inscriptions’, Mediterranean Language Review, 20, 79–115.
   Google Scholar
• Naji, A., 1962. ‘Kitābah ṣafawīyah min ṣaḥrāʾ al-ruṭbah’, Sumer 18, 165–70.
   Google Scholar
• Negev, A., 1969. ‘The Chronology of the Middle Nabatean Period’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly 101, 5–14. doi: 10.1179/peq.1969.101.1.5
   Google Scholar
• Negev, A., l991. Personal Names in the Nabatean Realm, Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, Qedem 32.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Otaibi, F., 2011. From Nabataea to Roman Arabia: Acquisition or Conquest, British Archaeological Reports International Series.
   Google Scholar
• Oxtoby, W., 1968 Some Inscriptions of the Safaitic Bedouin, New Haven: American Oriental Series 50.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, T., 1986. Romans and Saracens: A History of the Arabian Frontiers. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
   Google Scholar
• Ar-Rūsān, M., 1992. al-Qabāʾl ath-thamūdīyyah waṣ-ṣafawīyah, jāmiʿat almalik sʿūd, ar-Rīyadh (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Said, S., 2006. ‘Two New Greek Inscriptions with the Name Yṭwr from Umm Al-Jimāl’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 138 (2), 125–32. doi: 10.1179/003103206x124783
   Google Scholar
• Al-Salameen, Z., 2011. ‘A New Ancient North Arabian Inscription with a Reference to the Nabataean King Aretas’, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 22 (2), 215–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0471.2011.00340.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid, S., 1997. ‘Nabataean Fine Ware Pottery and the Destruction of Petra in the Late First and Early Second Century AD’, Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 6, 416–20.
   Google Scholar
• Starcky, J., 1966. ‘Pétra et la Nabatène’, in Dictionnaire de la Bible Supplement. 7. Letouzey and Ané, Paris, 886–1018.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S., 1992. ‘The Ethnarch of Aretas at Damascus: A Note on 2 Cor. 11.32–33’, Revue Biblique 99, 719–28.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Theeb, S., 2010. Mudawwanat an-Nuqūš an-nabaṭīyah fī al-Mamlakah al-ʿarabīyah as-suʿūdīyah, Dārat al-makik ʿabd el-ʿazīz, ar-Rīyadh (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Al-Theeb, S., 2011. Tārīẖ al-anbāṭ as-sīyāsī, al-hayʾah al-ʿāmah lil-sīyaḥah wal-āthār, ar-Rīyadh.
   Google Scholar
• Winnett, F. V., 1973. ‘The Revolt of Damasī: Safaitic and Nabataean Evidence’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 211, 54–57 doi: 10.2307/1356411
   Google Scholar
• Winnett, F., V., 1957. Safaitic Inscriptions from Jordan, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winnett, F., Harding, G., 1978. Inscriptions from Fifty Safaitic Cairns, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zayadine, F., 1999. ‘Two North–Arabian Inscriptions from Jordan’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 43, 311–19.
   Google Scholar