Advanced search
Publication Cover
Pathology Volume 34, 2002 - Issue 5
Submit an article Journal homepage
4
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Chromosomal translocations and their role in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Francisco Vega Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
,
Rocio Orduz Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
&
L. Jeffrey Medeiros Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Pages 397-409 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

  • Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. WHO Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press, 2001.
  • Aster JC, Kobayashi Y, Shiota M, Mori S, Sklar J. Detection of the t(14; 18) at similar frequencies in hyperplastic lyraphoid tissues from American and Japanese patients. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 291-9.
  • Limpens J, de Jong D, van Krieken JH, et al. Bcl-2/JH rearrange-ments in benign lymphoid tissues with follicular hyperplasia. Oncogene 1991; 6: 2271-6.
  • Limpens J, Stad R, Vos C, et al. Lymphoma-associated translocation t14;18) in blood B cells of normal individuals. Blood 1995; 85: 2528-36.
  • Pittaluga S, Wlodarska I, Pulford K, et al. The monoclonal antibody ALKl identifies a distinct morphological subtype of anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with 2p23/ALK rearrangements. Am J Pathol 1997; 151: 343-51.
  • Trumper L, Pfreundschuh M, Bonin FV, Daus H. Detection of the t(2;5)-associated NPMJALK fusion cDNA in peripheral blood cells of healthy individuals. Br J Haematoll 998; 103: 1138-44.
  • Biennaux C, Loos M, Sels A, Huez G, Stryckmans P. Detection of major bcr-abl gene expression at a very low level in blood cells of some healthy individuals. Blood 1995; 86: 3118-22.
  • Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, et al. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. Science 1994; 263: 1281-4.
  • Morris SW, Naeve C, Mathew P, et al. ALK, the chromosome 2 gene locus altered by the t(2;5) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, encodes a novel neural receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly related to leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK). Oncogene 1997; 14: 2175-88.
  • Stoica GE, Kuo A, Aigner A, et al. Identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase as a receptor for the growth factor pleiotrophin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 16772-9.
  • Chan PK, Chan FY, Morris SW, Xie Z. Isolation and characterization of the human nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM) gene: identification of the YYl binding site at the 5' enhancer region. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25: 1225-32.
  • Bischof D, Pulford K, Mason DY, Morris SW. Role of the nucleophosmin (NPM) portion of the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-associated NPM-anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion protein in oncogenesis. MoI Cell Biol 1997; 17: 2312-25.
  • Kuefer MU, Look AT, Pulford K, et al. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of NPM-ALK causes lymphoid malignancy in mice. Blood 1997; 90: 2901-10.
  • Bai RY, Dieter P, Peschel C, Morris SW, Duyster J. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase of large-cell anaplastic lymphoma is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that utilizes phospholipase C-gamma to mediate its mitogenicity. MoI Cell Biol 1998; 18: 6951-61.
  • Fujimoto J, ShiotaM, Iwahara T, et al. Characterization of the transforming activity of p80, a hyperphosphorylated protein in a Ki-I lymphoma cell line with chromosomal translocation t(2;5). Proc Natl Acad Sd USA 1996; 93: 4181-6.
  • Bai RY, Ouyang T, Miething C, Morris SW, Peschel C, Duyster J. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase associated with ana-plastic large-cell lymphoma activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt antiapoptotic signaling pathway. Blood 2000; 96: 4319-27.
  • Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, et al. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 1997; 91: 231-41.
  • Khwaja A. Akt is more than just a Bad kinase. Nature 1999; 401: 33-4.
  • Touriol C, Greenland C, Lamant L, et al. Further demonstration of the diversity of chromosomal changes involving 2p23 in ALK-positive lymphoma: 2 cases expressing ALK kinase fused to CLTCL (clathrin chain pdypeptide-like). Blood 2000; 95: 3204-7.
  • Hernandez L, Pinyol M, Hernandez S, et al. TRK-fused gene (TFG) is a new partner of ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma producing two structurally different TFG-ALK translocations. Blood 1999; 94: 3265-8.
  • Maes B, Vanhentenrijk V, Wlodarska I, et al. The NPM-ALK and the ATIC-ALK fusion genes can be detected in non-neoplastic cells. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 2185-93.
  • Tort F, Pinyol M, Pulford K, et al. Molecular characterization of a new ALK translocation involving moesin (MSN-ALK) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Lab Invest 2001; 81: 419-26.
  • Falini B, Pileri S, Zinzani PL, et al. ALK+ lymphoma: clinico-pathological findings and outcome. Blood 1999; 93: 2697-706.
  • ShiotaM, Nakamura S, Ichinohasama R, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas expressing the novel chimeric protein p80NPM/ALK: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Blood 1995; 86: 1954-60.
  • Gascoyne RD, Aoun P, Wu D, et al. Prognostic significance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in adults with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 1999; 93: 3913-21.
  • Rassidalds GZ, Sarris AH, Herling M, et al. Differential expression of BCL-2 family proteins in ALK-positive and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma of T/null-cell lineage. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 527-35.
  • Pelicci PG, Knowles DM 2nd, Magrath I, Dalla-Favera R. Chromo-somal breakpoints and structural alternations of the c-myc locus differ in endemic and sporadic forms of Burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA 1986; 83: 2984-8.
  • Bhatia K, Huppi K, Spangler G, Siwarski D, Iyer R, Magrath I. Point mutations in the c-Myc transactivation domain are common in Burkitt's lyraphoma and mouse plasmacytomas. Nat Genet 1993; 5: 56-61.
  • Grandori C, Cowley SM, James LP, Eisenman RN. The Myc/Max/ Mad network and die transcriptional control of cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2000; 16: 653-99.
  • Bentley DL, Groudine M. A block to elongation is largely responsible for decreased transcription of c-myc in differentiated HL60 cells. Nature 1986; 321: 702-6.
  • Zajac-Kaye M, Levens. D. Phosphorylation-dependent binding of a 138-kDa myc intron factor to a regulatory element in the first intron of the c-myc gene. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 4547-51.
  • Cesarman E, Dalla-Favera R, Bentley D, Groudine M. Mutations in the first exon are associated with altered transcription of c-myc in Burkitt lymphoma. Science 1987; 238: 1272-5.
  • Zajac-Kaye M, Gelmann EP, Levens D. A point mutation in the c-myc locus of a Burldtt lymphoma abolishes binding of a nuclear protein. Science 1988; 240: 1776-80.
  • Bouchard C, Thieke K, Maier A, et al. Direct induction of cyclin D2 by Myc contributes to cell cycle progression and sequestration of p27. EMBOJ 1999; 18: 5321-33.
  • Perez-Roger I, Kim SH, Griffiths B, Sewing A, Land H. Cyclins Dl and D2 mediate myc-induced proliferation via sequestration of p27(Kipl) and p21(Cipl). EMBOJ 1999; 18: 5310-20.
  • Fanidi A, Harrington EA, Evan GI. Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogenes. Nature 1992; 359: 554-6.
  • Sherr CI. Tumor surveillance via the ARF-p53 pathway. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 2984-91.
  • Ye BH, Chaganti S, Chang CC, et al. Chromosomal translocations cause deregulated BCL6 expression by promoter substitution in B cell lymphoma. EMBO J 1995; 14: 6209-17.
  • Dalla-Favera R, Ye BH, Lo Coco F, et al. Identification of genetic lesions associated with diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol 1994; 5: 55-60.
  • Ohshima A, Miura I, Hashimoto K, et al. Rearrangements of the BCL6 gene and chromosome aberrations affecting 3q27 in 54 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leak Lymphoma 1997; 27: 329-34.
  • Chen W, Iida S, Louie DC, Dalla-Favera R, Chaganti RS. Heterologous promoters fused to BCL6 by chromosomal translocations affecting band 3q27 cause its deregulated expression during B-cell differentiation. Blood 1998; 91: 603-7.
  • Galieque Zouitina S, Quief S, Hildebrand MP, et al. The B cell transcriptional coactivator BOB1/OBF1 gene fuses to the LAZ3/ BCL6 gene by t(3;ll)(q27;q23.1) chromosomal translocation in a B cell leukemia lineCKarpas 231). Leukemia 1996; 10: 579-87.
  • Ye BH, Rao PH, Chaganti RS, Dalla-Favera R. Cloning of bcl-6, the locus involved in chromosome translocations affecting band 3q27 in B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2732-5.
  • Staudt LM, Dent AL, Shaffer AL, Yu X. Regulation of lymphocyte cell fate decisions and lymphomagenesis by BCL-6. Int Rev Immunol 1999; 18: 381-403.
  • Ye BH, Cattoretti G, Shen Q, et al. The BCL-6 proto-oncogene controls germinal-centre formation and Th2-type inflammation. Nat Genet 1997; 16: 161-70.
  • Lin Y, Wong K, Calame K. Repression of c-myc transcription by Blimp-1, an inducer of terminal B cell differentiation. Science 1997; 276: 596-9.
  • Shaffer AL, Yu X, He Y, Boldrick J, Chan EP, Staudt LM. BCL-6 represses genes that function in lymphocyte differentiation, inflammation, and cell cycle control. Immunity 2000; 13: 199-212.
  • Pasqualucci L, Migliazza A, Fracchiolla N, et al. BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal center B cells: evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1998; 95: 11816-21.
  • Akasaka T, Ueda C, Kurata M, et al. Nonimmunoglobulin (non-Ig)/ BCL6 gene fusion in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma results in worse prognosis than Ig/BCL6. Blood 2000; 96: 2907-9.
  • Lossos IS, Jones CD, Warnke R, et al. Expression of a single gene, BCL-6, strongly predicts survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2001; 98: 945-51.
  • Dyomin VG, Rao PH, Dalla-Favera R, Chaganti RS. BCL8, a novel gene involved in translocations affecting band 15qll-13 in diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1997; 94: 5728-32.
  • Offit K, Jhanwar SC, Ladanyi M, Filippa DA, Chaganti RS. Cytogenetic analysis of 434 consecutively ascertained specimens of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: correlations between recurrent aberrations, histology, and exposure to cytotoxic treatment. Genes Chromo-somes Cancer 1991; 3: 189-201.
  • Callanan MB, Le Baccon P, Mossuz P, et al. The IgG Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, is a target for deregulation by chromosomal trans-location in malignant lymphoma. Proc NaI Acad Sei USA 2000; 97: 309-14.
  • Dyomin VG, Palanisamy N, Lloyd KO, et at. MUCl is activated in a B-cell lymphoma by the t(l;14)(q21;q32) translocation and is rearranged and amplified in B-cell lymphoma subsets. Blood 2000; 95: 2666-71.
  • Daeron M. Fc receptor biology. Anna Rev Immunol 1997; 15: 203-34.
  • de Andres B, Mueller AL, Verbeek S, Sandor M, Lynch RG. A regulatory role for Fcgamma receptors CD 16 and CD32 in the development of murine B cells. Blood 1998; 92: 2823-9.
  • Gilles F, Goy A, Remache Y, Shue P, Zelenetz AD. MUCl deregulation as the consequence of a Ii I;14)(q21;q32) translocation in an extranodal lymphoma. Blood 2000; 95: 2930-6.
  • Neri A, Chang CC, Lombardi L, et al. B cell lymphoma-associated chromosomal translocation involves candidate oncogene lyt-10, homologous to NF-kappa B p50. Cell 1991; 67: 1075-87.
  • Offit K, Chaganti RS. Chromosomal aberrations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biologic and clinical correlations. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991; 5: 853-69.
  • Fracchiolla NS, Lombardi L, Salina M, et al. Structural alterations of the NF-kappa B transcription factor lyt-10 in lymphoid malignancies. Oncogene 1993; 8: 2839-45.
  • Kopp EB, Ghosh S. NF-kappa B and rel proteins in innate immunity. Adv Immunol 1995; 58: 1-27.
  • Karin M, Ben-Neriah Y. Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-[kappa]B activity. Anna Rev Immunol 2000; 18: 621-63.
  • Davis RE, Brown KD, Siebenlist U, Staudt LM. Constitutive nuclear factor kappaB activity is required for survival of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells. / Exp Med 2001; 194: 1861-74.
  • Fausto N, Laird AD, Webber EM. Liver regeneration. 2. Role of growth factors and cytokines in hepatic regeneration. FASEB J 1995; 9: 1527-36.
  • Guo Q, Robinson N, Mattson MP. Secreted beta-amyloid precursor protein counteracts the proapoptotic action of mutant presenilin-1 by activation of NF-kappaB and stabilization of calcium homeostasis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 12341-51.
  • Yamaoka S, Inoue H, Sakurai M, et al. Constitutive activation of NF-kappa B is essential for transformation of rat fibroblasts by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein. EMBO J 1996; 15: 873-87.
  • Finco TS, Westwick JK, Norris JL, Beg AA, Der CJ, Baldwin AS Jr. Oncogenic Ha-Ras-induced signaling activates NF-kappaB transcrip-tional activity, which is required for cellular transformation. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 24113-6.
  • ArsuraM, Mercurio F, Oliver AL, Thorgeirsson SS, Sonenshein GE. Role of the IkappaB kinase complex in oncogenic Ras- and Raf-mediated transformation of rat liver epithelial cells. MoI Cell Biol 2000; 20: 5381-91.
  • Reuther JY, Reuther GW, Cortez D, Pendergast AM, Baldwin AS Jr. A requirement for NF-kappaB activation in Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 968-81.
  • Baldwin AS Jr, Azizkhan JC, Jensen DE, Beg AA, Goodly LR. Induction of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity during the G0-to-G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts. MoI Cell Biol 1991; 11: 4943-51.
  • Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C, Hehner SP, Droge W, Schmitz ML. Repression of NF-kappaB impairs HeL a cell proliferation by functional interference with cell cycle checkpoint regulators. Onco-gene 1999; 18: 3213-25.
  • Joyce D, Bouzahzah B, FuM, et al. Integration of Rac-dependent regulation of cyclin Dl transcription through a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 25245-9.
  • Hinz M, Krappmann D, Eichten A, Heder A, Scheidereit C, Strauss M. NF-kappaB function in growth control: regulation of cyclin D1 expression and G0/Gl-to-S-phase transition. MoI Cell Biol 1999; 19: 2690-8.
  • Guttridge DC, Albanese C, Reuther JY, Pestell RG, Baldwin AS Jr. NF-kappaB controls cell growth and differentiation through tran-scriptional regulation of cyclin Dl. MoI Cell Biol 1999; 19: 5785-99.
  • Yunis JJ, Oken MM, Kaplan ME, Ensrud KM, Howe RR, Theologides A. Distinctive chromosomal abnormalities in histologie subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. New Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1231-6.
  • Jacobson JO, Wilkes BM, Kwiatkowski DJ, Medeiros LJ, Aisenberg AC, Harris NL. bcl-2 rearrangements in de novo diffuse large cell lymphoma. Association with distinctive clinical features. Cancer 1993; 72: 231-6.
  • Tsujimoto Y, Cossman J, Jaffe E, Croce CM. Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science 1985; 228: 1440-3.
  • Estalilla OC, Medeiros LJ, Manning JT Jr, Luthra R. 5'?3' exonuclease-based real-time PCR assays for detecting the t(14;18)(q32;21 ): a survey of 162 malignant lymphomas and reactive specimens. Mod Pathol 2000; 13: 661-6.
  • Albinger-Hegyi A, Hochreutener B, Abdou MT, et al. High frequency of t(14;18)-translocation breakpoints outside of major breakpoint and minor cluster regions in follicular lymphomas. Improved polymerase chain reaction protocols for their detection. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 823-32.
  • Yabumoto K, Akasaka T, Muramatsu M, et al. Rearrangement of the 5' cluster region of the BCL2 gene in lymphoid neoplasm: a summary of nine cases. Leukemia 1996; 10: 970-7.
  • Seite P, Million J, d'Agay MF, et al. BCL2 gene activation and protein expression in follicular lymphoma: a report on 64 cases. Leukemia 1993; 7: 410-7.
  • Chao DT, Korsmeyer SJ. BCL-2 family: regulators of cell death. Annu Rev Immunol 1998; 16: 395-419.
  • Reed JC. Bcl-2 family proteins. Oncogene 1998; 17: 3225-36.
  • May WS, Tyler PG, Ito T, Armstrong DK, Qatsha KA, Davidson NE. Interleukin-3 and bryostatin-1 mediate hyperphosphorylation of BCL2 alpha in association with suppression of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 26865-70.
  • Ito T, Deng X, Carr B, May WS. Bcl-2 phosphorylation required for anti-apoptosis function. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 11671-3.
  • Brady HJ, Gil-Gomez G, Kirberg J, Berns AJ. Bax alpha perturbs T cell development and affects cell cycle entry of T cells. EMBO J 1996; 15:6991-7001.
  • Linette GP, Li Y, Roth K, Korsmeyer SJ. Cross talk between cell death and cell cycle progression: BCL-2 regulates NFAT-mediated activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 9545-52.
  • Vairo G, Innes KM, Adams JM. Bcl-2 has a cell cycle inhibitory function separable from its enhancement of cell survival. Oncogene 1996; 13: 1511-9.
  • Vairo G, Soos TJ, Upton TM, et al. Bcl-2 retards cell cycle entry through p27(Kipl), pRB relative p130, and altered E2F regulation. MoI Cell Biol 2000; 20: 4745-53.
  • Gaidano G, Pastore C, Capello D, Cilli V, Saglio G. Molecular pathways in low grade B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 26 (Suppl 1): 107-13.
  • Offit K, Parsa NZ, Filippa D, Jhanwar SC, Chaganti RS. t(9;14)(p!3;q32) denotes a subset of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with plasmacytoid differentiation. Blood 1992; 80: 2594-9.
  • Mansoor A, Medeiros LJ, Weber DM, et al. Cytogenetic findings in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Chromosomal abnormalities are associated with the polymorphous subtype and an aggressive clinical course. Am J Clin Pathol 2001 ; 116: 543-9.
  • Busslinger M, Klix N, Pfeffer P, Graninger PG, Kozmik Z. Deregulation of PAX-5 by translocation of the Emu enhancer of the IgH locus adjacent to two alternative PAX-5 promoters in a diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 6129-34.
  • Barberis A, Widenhorn K, Vitelli L, Busslinger M. A novel B-cell lineage-specific transcription factor present at early but not late stages of differentiation. Genes Dev 1990; 4: 849-59.
  • Morrison AM, Nutt SL, Thevenin C, Rolink A, Busslinger M. Loss-and gain-of-function mutations reveal an important role of BSAP (Pax-5) at the start and end of B cell differentiation. Semin Immunol 1998; 10: 133-42.
  • Wakatsuki Y, Neurath MF, Max EE, Strober W. The B cell-specific transcription factor BSAP regulates B cell proliferation. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 1099-108.
  • Dewald GW, KyIe RA, Hicks GA, Greipp PR. The clinical significance of cytogenetic studies in 100 patients with multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, or amyloidosis. Blood 1985; 66: 380-90.
  • Sawyer JR, Waldron JA, Jagannath S, Barlogie B. Cytogenetic findings in 2000 patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1995; 82: 41-9.
  • Williams ME, Swerdlow SH, Rosenberg CL, Arnold A. Chromosome 11 translocation breakpoints at the PRADl/cyclin Dl gene locus in centrocytic lymphoma. Leukemia 1993; 7: 241-5.
  • de Boer CJ, van Krieken JH, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Kluin PM, Schuuring E. Cyclin Dl messenger RNA overexpression as a marker for mantle cell lymphoma. Oncogene 1995; 10: 1833-40.
  • Tsujimoto Y, Jaffe E, Cossman J, Gorham J, Nowell PC, Croce CM. Clustering of breakpoints on chromosome 11 in human B-cell neoplasma with the t(11;14) chromosome translocation. Nature 1985; 315: 340-3.
  • Vaandrager JW, Schuuring E, Zwikstra E, et al. Direct visualization of dispersed 11q13 chromosomal translocations in mantle cell lymphoma by multicolor DNA fiber fluorescence in situ hybrid-ization. Blood 1996; 88: 1177-82.
  • Janssen JW, Vaandrager JW, Heuser T, et al. Concurrent activation of a novel putative transforming gene, myeov, and cyclin Dl in a subset of multiple myeloma cell lines with t(ll;14)(ql3;q32). Blood 2000; 95: 2691-8.
  • Gillett CE, Barnes DM. Demystified. . cell cycle. MoI Pathol 1998; 51: 310-6.
  • Sherr CJ. Mammalian Gl cyclins. Cell 1993; 73: 1059-65.
  • Ando K, Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista F, Griffin JD. Regulation of Gl/S transition by cyclins D2 and D3 in hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1993; 90: 9571-5.
  • Jiang W, Kahn SM, Zhou P, et al. Overexpression of cyclin Dl in rat fibroblasts causes abnormalities in growth control, cell cycle progression and gene expression. Oncogene 1993; 8: 3447-57.
  • Lukas J, Jadayel D, Bartkova J, et al. BCL-1/cyclin Dl oncoprotein oscillates and subverts the Gl phase control in B-cell neoplasms carrying the t(ll;14) translocation. Oncogene 1994; 9: 2159-67.
  • Bodrug SE, Warner BJ, Bath ML, Lindeman GJ, Harris AW, Adams JM. Cyclin Dl transgene impedes lymphocyte maturation and collaborates in lymphomagenesis with the myc gene. EMBO J 1994; 13: 2124-30.
  • Lovec H, Grzeschiczek A, Kowalski MB, Moroy T. Cyclin Dl/bcl-1 cooperates with myc genes in the generation of B-cell lymphoma in transgenic mice. EMBO J 1994; 13: 3487-95.
  • Hofmann WK, de Vos S, Tsukasaki K, et al. Altered apoptosis pathways in mantle cell lymphoma detected by digonucleotide microarray. Blood 2001; 98: 787-94.
  • Vega F, Medeiros LJ. Marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma of extranodal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type: molecular genetics provides new insights into pathogenesis. Adv Anat Pathol 2001 ; 8: 313-26.
  • Auer IA, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, et al. t(ll;18)(q21;q21) is the most common translocation in MALT lymphomas. Ann Oncol 1997; 8: 979-85.
  • Horsman D, Gascoyne R, Klasa R, Coupland R. t(ll;18)(q21;q21.1 ): a recurring translocation in lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 4: 183-7.
  • Dierlamm J, Baens M, Stefanova-OuzounovaM, et al. Detection of t(ll;18)(q21;q21) by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization using AP12 and MLT specific probes. Blood 2000; 96: 2215-8.
  • Rosenwald A, Ott G, Stilgenbauer S, et al. Exclusive detection of the t(ll;18)(q21;q21) in extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphomas (MZBL) of MALT type in contrast to other MZBL and extranodal large B cell lymphomas. Am J Pathol 1999; 155: 1817-21.
  • Remstein E, James C, Kurtin P. Incidence and subtype specificity of API2-MALT1 fusion translocations in extranodal, nodal, and splenic marginal zone lymphomas. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1183-8.
  • Dierlamm J, Baens M, Wlodarska I, et al. The apoptosis inhibitor gene API2 and a novel 18q gene, MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(ll;18)(q21;q21) associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Blood 1999; 93: 3601-9.
  • Akagi T,Motegi M,Tamura A,et al. Anovel gene, MALTl at 18q21, is involved in t(ll;18)(q21;q21 ) found in low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Oncogene 1999; 18:5785-94.
  • Motegi M, Yonezumi M, Suzuki H, et al. API2-MALTl cHmeric transcripts involved in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type lymphoma predict heterogeneous products. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 807-12.
  • Kalla J, Stilgenbauer S, Schaffner C, et al. Heterogeneity of the API2-MALT1 gene rearrangement in MALT-type lymphoma. Leuke-mia 2000; 14: 1967-74.
  • Inagaki H, Okabe M, Seto M, Nakamura S, Ueda R, Eimoto T. API2-MALT1 fusion transcripts involved in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: multiplex RT-PCR detection using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 699-706.
  • LaCasse EC, Baird S, Korneluk RG, MacKenzie AE. The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and their emerging role in cancer. Oncogens 1998; 17: 3247-59.
  • Baens M, Maes B, Steyls A, Geboes K, Marynen P, De Wolf-Peeters C. The product of the t(ll;18), an API2-MLT fusion, marks nearly half of gastric MALT type lymphomas without large cell proliferation. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1433-9.
  • Lucas PC, Yonezumi M, Inohara N, et al. Bcl10 and MALTl, independent targets of chromosomal translocation in MALT lym-phoma, cooperate in a novel NF-kappaB signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 19012-9.
  • Willis TG, Jadayel DM, Du MQ, et al. Bcl10 is involved in t(1;14)(p22;q32) of MALT B cell lymphoma and mutated in multiple tumor types. Cell 1999; 96: 35-45.
  • Zhang Q, Siebert R, Van M, et al. Inactivating mutations and overexpression of BCL 10, a caspase recruitment domain-containing gene, in MALT lymphoma with t(1;14)(p22;q32). Nat Genet 1999; 22: 63-8.
  • May MJ, Ghosh S. Signal transduction through NF-kappa B. Immimol Today 1998; 19: 80-8.
  • Hofmann K. The modular nature of apoptotic signaling proteins. Cell MoI Life Sci 1999; 55: 1113-28.
  • Achuthan R, Bell SM, Leek JP, et al. Novel translocation of the BCL10 gene in a case of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000; 29: 347-9.
  • Du MQ, Peng H, Liu H, et al. BCLlO gene mutation in lymphoma. Blood 2000; 95: 3885-90.
  • Chesi M, Nardini E, Brents LA, et al. Frequent translocation t(4;14)(pl6.3;q32.3) in multiple myeloma is associated with increased expression and activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Nat Genet 1997; 16: 260-4.
  • Finelli P, Fabris S, Zagano S, et al. Detection of t(4;14)(p16.3;q32) chromosomal translocation in multiple myeloma by double-color fluorescent in situ hybridization. Blood 1999; 94: 724-32.
  • Avet-Loiseau H, Li JY, Facon T, et al. High incidence of translocations t(11;14)(ql3;q32) and t(4;14)(p!6;q32) in patients with plasma cell malignancies. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 5640-5.
  • Chesi M, Brents LA, Ely SA, et al. Activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is an oncogene that contributes to tumor progression in multiple myeloma. Blood 2001; 97: 729-36.
  • Kanai M, Goke M, Tsunekawa S, Podolsky DK. Signal transduction pathway of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Identification of a novel 66-kDa phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 6621-8.
  • Ho IC, Hodge MR, Rooney JW, Glimcher LH. The proto-oncogene c-maf is responsible for tissue-specific expression of interleukin-4. Cell 1996; 85: 973-83.
  • Sawyer JR, Lukacs JL, Munshi N, et al. Identification of new nonrandom translocations in multiple myeloma with multicolor spectral karyotyping. Blood 1998; 92: 4269-78.
  • Bednarek AK, Laflin KJ, Daniel RL, Liao Q, Hawkins KA, Aldaz CM. WWOX, a novel WW domain-containing protein mapping to human chromosome 16q23.3-24.1, a region frequently affected in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 2140-5.
  • Ried K, Finnis M, Hobson L, et al. Common chromosomal fragile site FRA16D sequence: identification of the FOR gene spanning FRA16D and homozygous deletions and translocation breakpoints in cancer cells. Hum MoI Genet 2000; 9: 1651-63.
  • Chesi M, Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. Recurrent immunoglobulin gene translocations identify distinct molecular subtypes of myeloma. Ann Oncol 2000; 11: 131-5.
  • Iida S, Rao PH, Butler M, et al. Deregulation of MUM1/IRF4 by chromosomal translocation in multiple myeloma. Nat Genet 1997; 17: 226-30.
  • Yoshida S, Nakazawa N, Iida S, et al. Detection of MUMl/IRF4-IgH fusion in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 1999; 13: 1812-6.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.