The significance of the Wnt pathway in the pathology of human cancers

References

• Akiyama T. Wnt/ri-catenin signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2000; 11: 273–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polakis P. Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev 2000; 14: 1837–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidensticker MJ, Behrens J. Biochemical interactions in the Wnt pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1495 (2): 168–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi TP. Heads or tails: Wnt and anterior-posterior patterning. Curr Biol 2001; 11: R713–R724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SE, Jomary C. Secreted frizzled-related proteins: searching for relationships and patterns. Bioessays 2002; 24: 811–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JR, Hocking AM, Brown JD, Moon RT. Mechanism and function of signal transduction by the Wnt/ri-catenin and Wnt/calcium pathways. Oncogene 1999; 18: 7860–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uthoff SMS, Eichenberger MR, McAuliffe TL, Hamilton CJ, Galandiuk S. Wingless-type frizzled protein receptor signaling and its putative role in human colon cancer. Mol Carcinog 2001; 31: 56–62.
   Google Scholar
• Morin PJ. ri-catenin signaling and cancer. Bioessays 1999; 21: 1021–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi A. Regulation of 13-catenin signaling in the Wnt pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 2000; 268: 243–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peifer M, Polakis P. Wnt signaling in oncogenesis and embryo-genesis-a look outside the nucleus. Science 2000; 287: 1606–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannapfel A, Wittekind C. Genes involved in hepatocellular carcinoma: deregulation in cell cycling and apoptosis. Virchows Arch 2002; 440: 345–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodde R. The APC gene in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38: 867–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyosue YM, Tsukita S. Where is APC going? J Cell Biol 2001; 154: 1105–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tice DA, Szeto W, Soloviev I, et al. Synergistic induction of tumour antigens by Wnt-1 signaling and retinoic acid revealed by gene expression profiling. J Biochem Chem 2002; 277: 14329–35.
   Google Scholar
• Maniatis T. A ubiquitin ligase complex essential for the NF-KB, Wnt/ Wingless, and hedgehog signaling pathways. Genes Dev 1999; 13: 505–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagara N, Toda G, Hirai M, Terada M, Katoh M. Molecular cloning, differential expression and chromosomal location of human Frizzled-1, Frizzled-2 and Frizzled-7. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1998; 252: 117–22.
   Google Scholar
• Korswagen HC, Clevers HC. Activation and repression of wingless/ Wnt target genes by the TCF/LEF-1 family of transcription factors. Cold Spring Harbour Sympos Quant Biol 1999; 64: 141–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Noort M, Clevers H. TCF signaling factors, mediators of Wnt-signaling in development and cancer. Dev Biol 2002; 244: 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roose J, Clevers H. TCF transcription factors: molecular switches in carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 87456 2002; 1999: M23–M37.
   Google Scholar
• Martin-Blanco E. P38 MAPK signaling cascades: ancient roles and new functions. Bioessays 2000; 22: 637–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tice DA, Soloviev I, Polakis P. Activation of the Wnt pathway interferes with serum response element-driven transcription of immediate early genes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 6118–23.
   Google Scholar
• McKay JA, Douglas JJ, Ross VG, et al. Analysis of key cell-cycle checkpoint proteins in colorectal tumours. J Pathol 2002; 196: 386–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford HC, Fingleton BM, Rudoloph-Owen LA, et al. The metalloproteinase matrilysin is a target of ri-catenin transactivation in intestinal tumours. Oncogene 1999; 18: 2883–91.
   Google Scholar
• Roth W, Wild-Bode C, Platten M, et al. Secreted frizzled-related proteins inhibit motility and promote growth of human malignant glioma cells. Oncogene 2000; 19: 4210–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shou J, Ali-Osman F, Multani AS, et al. Human Dkk-1, a gene encoding a Wnt antagonist, responds to DNA damage and its overexpression sensitizes brain tumour cells to apoptosis following alkylation damage of DNA. Oncogene 2002; 21: 878–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedi P, Bafico A, Soria AN, et al. Isolation and biochemical characterization of the human dkk-1 homologue, a novel inhibitor of mammalian Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 19465–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski JA, Bruton R, Shephard N, Sanders DSA. Cadherin and catenin biology represent a global mechanism for epithelial cancer progression. Mol Pathol 1997; 50: 289–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies G, Jiang WG, Mason MD. Cell-cell adhesion molecules and signaling intermediates and their role in the invasive potential of prostate cancer cells. J Urol 2000; 163: 985.
   Google Scholar
• Savagner P. Leaving the neighbourhood: molecular mechanisms involved during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Bioessays 2001; 23: 912–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale J, Beachy PA. The hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways in cancer. Nature 2001; 411: 349–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed Y, Hayashi S, Levine A, Wieschaus E. Regulation of armadillo by a Drosophila APC inhibits neuronal apoptosis during retinal development. Cell 1998; 93: 1171–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daamalas A, Ben-Ze'ev A, Simcha I, et al. Excess beta-catenin promotes accumulation of transcriptionally active p53. EMBO J1999; 18: 3054–63.
   Google Scholar
• Kim K, Pang KM, Evans M, Hay ED. Overexpression of p-catenin induces apoptosis independent of its transactivation function with LEF-1 or the involvement of major G 1 cell cycle regulators. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 11: 3509–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omelda D, Castel S, Vilaro S, Cano A. P-catenin regulation during the cell cycle: implications in G2/M and apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 14: 2844–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munemitsu S, Albert I, Souza B, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P. Regulation of intracellular p-catenin levels by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor-suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 3046–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venesio T, Balsamo A, Scordamaglia A, et al. Germline APC mutation on the p-catenin binding site is associated with a decreased apoptotic level in colorectal adenomas. Mod Pathol 2003; 16: 57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buendia MA. Genetics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2000; 10: 185–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan EF, Gat U, McNiff JM, Fuchs E. A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in p-catenin. Nat Genet 1999; 21: 410–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reifenberger J, Knobbe CB, Wolter M, et al. Molecular genetic analysis of malignant melanomas for aberrations of the Wnt signaling pathway genes CTNNB1, APC, ICAT and BTRC. Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 549–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimm DL, Caca K, Hu G, Harrison FB, Fearon ER. Frequent nuclear-cytoplasmic localization of 13-catenin without exon 3 muta-tions in malignant melanoma. Am J Pathol 1999; 154: 325–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gamallo C, Palacios J, Moreno G, et al. ri-catenin expression pattern in stage I and II ovarian carcinomas. Am J Pathol 1999; 155: 527–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara A, Yokoyama Y, Wan X, et al. Cytoplasmic/nuclear expression without mutation of exon 3 of the p-catenin gene is frequent in the development of the neoplasm of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 450–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitajewski, Sasson D. The emergence of molecular gynecology: homeobox and Wnt genes in the female reproductive tract. Bioessays 2000; 22: 902–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang F, Li X, Sharma M, et al. Linking p-catenin to androgen-signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 11 336–44.
   Google Scholar
• Huang H, Mahler-Araujo BM, Sankila A, et al. APC mutations in sporadic medulloblastomas. Am J Pathol 2002; 156: 433–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park WS, Oh RR, Park JY, et al. Frequent somatic mutations of the ri-catenin gene in intestinal-type gastric cancer. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 4257–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To KF, Chan MWY, Leung WK, et al. Alterations of frizzled (FzE3) and secreted frizzled related protein (hsFRP) expression in gastric cancer. Life Sci 2001; 70: 483–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groden J. Touch and go: mediating cell-to-cell interactions and Wnt signaling in gastrointestinal tumor formation. Gastroenterol 2000; 119: 1161–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Castro J, Gamallo C, Palacios J, et al. ri-catenin expression pattern in primary oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Relationship with clinicopathologic features and clinical outcome. Virchows Arch 2000; 437: 599–604.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey T, Biddlestone L, Shephard N, et al. Altered cadherin and cate-nin complexes in the Barrett's esophagus-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence: correlation with disease progression and dedifferentiation. Am J Pathol 2000; 152: 135–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullingworth J, Hooper MJ, Harrison DJ, et al. Carcinogen-induced pancreatic lesions in the mouse: effect of smad4 and apc genotypes. Oncogene 2002; 21: 4696–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SCC, Lo SFE, Lee KC, et al. Expression of frizzled-related protein and Wnt-signaling molecules in invasive human breast tumours. J Pathol 2002; 196: 145–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamallo C, Palacios J, Suarez A, et al. Correlation of e-cadherin expression with differentiation grade and histological type in breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 987–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer EJ, Hanby AM, Rowan AT, et al. The Wnt pathway, epithelial-stromal interactions, and malignant progression in phyllodes tumours. J Pathol 2002; 196: 437–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunago N, Kohno T, Kolligs FT, et al. Constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway by CTNNB1 (fi-catenin) mutations in a subset of human lung adenocarcinoma. Genes Chrom Cancer 2001; 30: 316–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadavid E, Pignatelli M, Zakynthinos S, et al. Abnormal immunoreactivity of the e-cadherinkatenin (c(-43-, and 7-) complex in premalignant and malignant non-melanocytic skin tumours. J Pathol 2002; 196: 154–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonchai W, Walsh M, Cummings M, Chenevix-Trench G. Expres-sion of p-catenin, a key mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, in basal cell carcinoma. Archiv Dermatol 2000; 136: 9378.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Rostan G, Tallini G, Herrero A, et al. Frequent mutation and nuclear localization of fi-catenin in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1811–15.
   Google Scholar
• Li C, Bapat B, Alman BA. Adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutation alters proliferation through its p-catenin-regulatory function in aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumour). Am J Pathol 1998; 153: 709–14.
   Google Scholar
• Saito T, Oda Y, Sakamoto A, et al. APC mutations in synovial sarcoma. J Pathol 2002; 196: 445–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato J, Hasegawa T, Kanai Y, et al. Expression of cadherins and their undercoat proteins (oc-,fi-, and 7-catenins and p120) and accumulation of p-catenin with no gene mutations in synovial sarcoma. Virchows Arch 2001; 438: 23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YS, Kang YK, Kim JB, et al. fi-catenin expression and mutational analysis in renal cell carcinomas. Pathol Int 2000; 50: 725–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon RT, Bowerman B, Boutros M, Perrimon N. The promise and perils of the Wnt signaling through p-catenin. Science 2002; 296: 1644–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar