Lung pathology: The molecular genetics of non-small cell lung cancer

References

• Hawson, G, Zimmerman, PV, Ford, CA, et al. Primary lung cancer: characterization and survival of 1024 patients treated in a single institution. Med J Aust 1990; 152: 230–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop JM. Molecular themes in oncogenesis. Cell 1991; 64: 235–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg RA. Oncogenes, antioncogenes, and the molecular bases of multistep carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 3713–3721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudson AG, Jr. Genetics of human cancer. Annu Rev Genet 1986; 20: 231–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viallet J, Minna JD. Dominant oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 2: 225–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone DP, Minna JD. The molecular genetics of lung cancer. Adv Intern Med 1992; 37: 153–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson MLM, Spandidos DA. Oncogenes and onco-suppressor genes in lung cancer. Respir Med 1993; 87: 413–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minna JD. The molecular biology of lung cancer pathogenesis. Chest 1993; 103: s449–s456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazdar A. Molecular markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer. Cancer 1992; 69: 1592–1599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson GE, Johnson BE. The biology of lung cancer. Sem Oncol 1993; 20: 105–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos JL. ras oncogenes in human cancer: A review. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4682–4689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbacid M. ras genes. Annu Rev Biochem 1987; 56: 779–827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boguski MS, McCormick F. Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature 1993; 366: 643–653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmandt R, Mills GB. Genomic components of carcinogenesis. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 2375–2385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong L, De Vos AM, Milburn MV. Structural differences between a ras oncogene protein and the normal protein. Nature 1989; 337: 90–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodenhuis, S, van de Wetering, ML, Mooi, WJ, et al. Mutational activation of the K-ras oncogene: A possible pathogenetic factor in the adenocarcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 929–935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodenhuis, S, Slebos, RJ, Boot, AJM, et al. Incidence and possible clinical significance of RAS oncogene activation in adenocarcinoma of the human lung. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 5738–5741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodenhuis S, Slebos RJ. Clinical significance of ras oncogene activation in human lung cancer. Cancer Res 1992; 52(Suppl)S2665–S2669
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, Y, Orita, M, Shiraishi, M, et al. Detection of ras gene mutations in human lung cancers by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. Oncogene 1990; 5: 1037–1043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slebos, RJ, Kibbelaar, RE, Dalesio, O, et al. K-ras oncogene activation as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 561–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slebos, RJ, Hruban, RH, Dalesio, O, et al. Relationship between K-ras oncogene activation and smoking in adenocarcinoma of the human lung. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1024–1027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slebos RJC, Rodenhuis S. The ras gene family in human non-small cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1992; 13: 23–29
   Google Scholar
• Husgafvel-Pursiainen, K, Hackman, P, et al. K-ras mutations in human adenocarcinoma of the lung: association with smoking and occupational exposure to asbestos. Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 250–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westra, WH, Slebos, RJC, Offerhaus, GJA, et al. K-ras oncogene activation in lung adenocarcinomas from former smokers. Cancer 1993; 72: 432–438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugio, K, Ishida, T, Yokoyama, H, et al. ras gene mutations as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinomas of the human lung without lymph node metastasis. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 2903–2906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slebos RJC, Rodenhuis S. The molecular genetics of human lung cancer. Eur Respir J 1989; 2: 461–489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosell, R, Li, S, Skacel, Z, et al. Prognostic impact of mutated K-ras gene in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncogene 1993; 8: 2407–2412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsudomi, T, Viallet, J, Mulshine, JL, et al. Mutations of ras genes distinguish a subset of non-small-cell lung cancer lines from small-cell lung cancer cell lines. Oncogene 1991; 6: 1353–1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, T, Tsuda, H, Noguchi, M, et al. Association of point mutation in c-Ki-ras oncogene in lung adenocarcinoma with particular reference to cytologic subtypes. Cancer 1990; 66: 289–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lung, ML, Wong, M, Lam, WK, et al. Incidence of ras oncogene activation in lung carcinomas in Hong Kong. Cancer 1992; 70: 760–763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsudomi, T, Steinberg, SM, Oie, HK, et al. ras gene mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer lines are associated with shortened survival irrespective of treatment intent. Cancer Res 1992; 51: 4999–5002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosell, R, Li, S, Gomez-Codina, J, et al. A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with surgery alone in patients with non-small cell lung cancer patients. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 153–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada, M, Dosaka-Akita, H, Miyamoto, H, et al. Prognostic significance of the expression of ras oncogene product in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 1992; 69: 72–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergh JCS. The MYC family genes and growth factor genes in human lung cancer. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: S20–S26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole MD. The MYC oncogene: its role in transformation and differentiation. Annu Rev Genet 1986; 20: 361–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saksela K. MYC genes and their deregulation in lung cancer. J Cell Biochem 1990; 42: 153–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazdar, AF, Carney, DN, Nau, MM, et al. Characterization of variant subclasses derived from small cell lung cancer have distinctive biochemical, morphological and growth properties. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 2924–2930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota, J, Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Y, Battifora, H, et al. Alterations of myc, myb, and ras Ha protooncogenes in cancers are frequent and show clinical correlation. Science 1986; 231: 261–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, CD, Nau, MM, Carney, DN, et al. Amplification and expression of the c-myc oncogene in human lung cancer. Nature 1983; 306: 194–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T, Obata, Y, Sekido, Y, et al. Expression and amplification of myc gene family in small-cell lung cancer and its relation to biological characteristics. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 2683–2688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, BE, Brennan, JF, Ihde, DC, et al. myc family DNA amplification in tumors and tumor cell lines from patients with small cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1992; 13: 39–43
   Google Scholar
• Nau, MM, Brooks, BJ, Carney, DN, et al. Human small-cell lung cancers show amplification and expression of the N-myc gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 1092–1096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, AJ, Ruppert, JM, Eggleston, J, et al. Gene amplification of c-myc and N-myc in small cell carcinoma of the lung. Science 1986; 233: 461–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nau, MM, Brooks, BJ, Battey, J, et al. L-myc, a new myc-related gene amplified and expressed in human small cell lung cancer. Nature 1985; 318: 69–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraishi M, Noguchi M, Shimosato Y. Amplification of protooncogenes in surgical specimens of human lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 6474–6479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemma, A, Nakajima, T, Shiraishi, M, et al. myc family gene abnormality in lung cancers and its relationship to xenotransplantability. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 6025–6028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota, J, Wada, M, Yoshida, T, et al. Heterogeneity of lung cancer cells with respect to the amplification and rearrangement of myc family oncogenes. Oncogene 1988; 2: 607–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajj, C, Akoum, R, Bradley, E, et al. DNA alterations at protooncogene loci and their clinical significance in operable non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer 1990; 66: 733–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cline MJ, Battifora H. Abnormalities of proto-oncogenes in non-small cell lung cancer, correlations with tumor type and clinical characteristics. Cancer 1987; 60: 2669–2674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slebos, RJC, Ever, SG, Wagenaar, SS, et al. Cellular protooncogenes are infrequently amplified in untreated non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1982; 59: 76–80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makela TP, Saksela K, Alitalo K. Amplification and rearrangement of L-myc in human small-cell lung cancer. Mut Res 1992; 276: 307–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima, K, Nomura, S, Hirai, H, et al. Correlation of the L-myc RFLP with metastasis, prognosis and multiple cancer in lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer 1992; 50: 557–561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, A, Caporaso, NE, Perrin, LS, et al. Relationship of H-ras-1, L-myc, and p53 polymorphisms with lung cancer risk and prognosis. Environ Health Perspect 1989; 98: 61–67
   Google Scholar
• Tefre, T, Borresen, A-L, Aamdal, S, et al. Studies of the L-myc DNA polymorphism and relation to metastasis in Norwegian lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1990; 61: 809–812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusch, V, Baselga, J, Cordon-Cardo, C, et al. Differential expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in primary non-small cell lung cancers and adjacent benign lung. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2379–2385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeder, M, Rotsch, M, Bepler, G, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 1132–1136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerny, T, Barnes, DM, Hasleton, P, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human lung tumours. Br J Cancer 1986; 54: 265–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherwin, SA, Minna, JD, Gazdar, AF, et al. Expression of epidermal and nerve growth factor receptors and soft agar growth factor production by human lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 1981; 41: 3538–3542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, JA, Schwartz, DA, Nordberg, JE, et al. p185neu expression in human lung adenocarcinomas predicts shortened survival. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 5184–5191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, PM, Hung, M-C, Chiocca, SM, et al. Differential expression of the c-erbB-2 gene in human small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4968–4971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner, DB, Nordberg, J, Robinson, R, et al. Expression of the neu gene-encoded protein (P185neu) in human non-small cell lung carcinomas of the lung. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 421–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tateishi, M, Teruyoshi, I, Mitsudomi, T, et al. Prognostic value of c-erbB-2 protein expression in human lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1372–1375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, JA, Torney, L, Weiner, D, et al. Inhibition of human lung cancer cell line growth by an anti-p185HER2 antibody. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9: 448–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, J, Nau, MM, Birrer, M, et al. Constitutive expression of multiple mRNA forms of the c-jun oncogene in human lung cancer cell lines. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1988; 29: 455–455
   Google Scholar
• Knudson AG. Hereditary cancer: clues to mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 1989; 59: 661–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg RA. Tumor suppressor genes. Science 1991; 254: 1138–1146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota, J, Wada, M, Shimosato, Y, et al. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3, 13, 17 in small-cell carcinoma and on chromosome 3 in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 9252–9256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, A, Willey, JC, Modali, R, et al. Differential DNA sequence deletions from chromosomes 3, 11, 13 and 17 in squamous-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of the human lung. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 5099–5103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya, E, Nakamura, Y, Weng, S-Y, et al. Allelotype of non-small cell lung carcinoma — comparison between loss of heterozygosity in squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 2478–2481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohata, H, Emi, M, Fujiwara, Y, et al. Deletion mapping of the short arm of chromosome 8 in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Genes, Chrom Cancer 1993; 7: 85–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emi, M, Fujiwara, Y, Nakajima, T, et al. Frequent loss of heterozygosity for loci on chromosome 8p in hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 5368–5372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olopade, O, Buchhagen, DL, Malik, K, et al. Homozygous loss of the interferon genes defines the critical region on 9p that is deleted in lung cancers. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2410–2415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center, R, Lukeis, R, Dietzsch, E, et al. Molecular deletion of 9p sequences in non-small cell lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. Genes, Chrom Cancer 1993; 7: 47–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friend, SH, Bernards, R, Rogelj, S, et al. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature 1986; 323: 643–646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewen ME. The cell cycle and the retinoblastoma protein family. Cancer Met Rev 1994; 13: 45–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine AJ. The tumour suppressor genes. Annu Rev Biochem 1993; 62: 623–651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbour, JW, Lai, S-L, Whang-Peng, J, et al. Abnormalities in structure and expression of the human retinoblastoma gene in SCLC. Science 1988; 24: 353–356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensel, CH, Hsieh, C-L, Gazdar, AF, et al. Altered structure and expression of the human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3067–3072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota, J, Akiyama, T, Fung, Y-KT, et al. Altered expression of the retinoblastoma (RB) gene in small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Oncogene 1988; 3: 471–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye, FJ, Kratzke, RA, Gerster, JL, et al. Recessive oncogenes in lung cancer. Am Rev Resp Dis 1990; 142: S44–S47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H-J, Hu, S-X, Cagle, PT, et al. Absence of retinoblastoma protein expression in primary non-small cell lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2735–2739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissmann, PT, Koga, H, Takahashi, R, et al. Inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncogene 1993; 8: 1913–1919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linardopoulos S, Gonos ES, Spandidos DA. Abnormalities of retinoblastoma gene structure in human lung tumors. Cancer Letters 1993; 71: 67–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, G, Bargonetti, J, Zhu, H, et al. Wild-type p53 activates transcription in vitro. Nature 1992; 358: 83–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambetti GP, Levine AJ. A comparison of the biological activities of wild-type and mutant p53. FASEB 1993; 7: 855–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay C. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 1991; 351: 453–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigro, JM, Baker, S, Preisinger, AC, et al. Mutations in the p53 gene occur in diverse tumour types. Nature 1989; 342: 705–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollstein, M, Sidransky, D, Vogelstein, B, et al. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991; 253: 49–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T, Nau, MM, Chiba, I, et al. p53: A frequent target for genetic abnormalities in lung cancer. Science 1989; 246: 491–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. p53 function and dysfunction. Cell 1992; 70: 523–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, F, Syrjanen, S, Tervahauta, A, et al. Tumourigenesis associated with the p53 tumour suppressor gene. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 653–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, CW, Simon, K, Aslo, A, et al. p53 mutations in human lung tumours. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 1695–1698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba, I, Takahashi, T, Nau, MM, et al. Mutations in the p53 gene are frequent in primary, resected non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 1990; 5: 1603–1610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horio, Y, Takahashi, T, Kuroishi, T, et al. Prognostic significance of p53 mutations and 3p deletions in primary resected non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto, Y, Murakami, Y, Shiraishi, M, et al. Aberrations of the p53 tumour suppressor gene in human non-small cell lung carcinomas of the lung. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 4799–4804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki, H, Takahashi, T, Kuroishi, T, et al. p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer in Japan: Association between mutations and smoking. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 734–736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo, K, Umemoto, A, Akimoto, S, et al. Mutations in the p53 tumour suppressor gene in primary lung cancer in Japan. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1992; 183: 1139–1146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsudomi, T, Steinberg, SM, Nau, MM, et al. p53 gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer lines and their correlation with the presence of ras mutations and clinical features. Oncogene 1992; 7: 171–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sameshima, Y, Matsuno, Y, Hirohashi, S, et al. Alterations of the p53 gene are common and critical events for the maintenance of malignant phenotypes in small-cell lung carcinoma. Oncogene 1992; 7: 451–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T, Takahashi, T, Suzuki, H, et al. The p53 gene is frequently mutated in small-cell lung cancer with a distinct nucleotide substitution pattern. Oncogene 1991; 6: 1775–1778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Amico, D, Carbone, D, Mitsudomi, T, et al. High frequency of somatically acquired p53 mutations in small cell lung cancer cell lines and tumors. Oncogene 1992; 7: 339–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, SF, Minna, JD, Johnson, BE, et al. Development of antibodies against p53 in lung cancer patients appears to be dependent on the type of p53 mutation. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 4168–4174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westra, WH, Offerhaus, GJA, Goodman, SN, et al. Overexpression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene product in primary lung adenocarcinomas is associated with cigarette smoking. Am J Surg Pathol 1993; 17: 213–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron de Fromental C, Soussi T. TP53 tumour suppressor gene: a model for investigating human mutagenesis. Genes Chrom Cancer 1992; 4: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman, DR, Fesseler, B, Putz, B, et al. Infrequent mutations of the p53 gene in pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5797–5801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahakangas, KH, Samet, JM, Metcalf, RA, et al. Mutations of p53 and ras genes in radon-associated lung cancer from uranium miners. Lancet 1992; 339: 576–579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshima, Y, Seyama, T, Bennett, WP, et al. p53 mutations in lung cancers from non-smoking atomic bomb survivors. Lancet 1993; 342: 1520–1521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiyoshi, H, Matsuno, Y, Kato, H, et al. Clinicopathological significance of nuclear accumulation of tumor suppressor gene p53 product in primary lung cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992; 83: 101–106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cho KR, Vogelstein B. Suppressor gene alterations in the colorectal adenomacarcinoma sequence. J Cell Biochem 1992; S16: 137–141
   Google Scholar
• Fearon ER, Jones PA. Towards a molecular description of colorectal cancer development. FASEB 1992; 6: 2783–2790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joslyn, G, Carlson, M, Thliveris, A, et al. Identification of deletion mutations and three new genes at the familial polyposis locus. Cell 1991; 66: 601–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzler, KW, Nilbert, MC, Vogelstein, B, et al. Identification of a gene located at chromosome 5q21 that is mutated in colorectal cancers. Science 1991; 251: 1366–1370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzler, KW, Nilbert, MC, Su, LK, et al. Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 1991; 253: 661–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groden, J, Thliveris, A, Samowitz, W, et al. Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Cell 1991; 66: 589–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton-Rickardt, PG, Wyllie, AH, Bird, CC, et al. MCC, a candidate familial polyposis gene in 5q21, shows frequent allele loss in colorectal and lung cancer. Oncogene 1991; 6: 1881–1886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton-Rickardt, PG, Dunlop, MG, Nakamura, Y, et al. High frequency of APC loss in sporadic colorectal carcinoma due to breaks clustered in 5q21-22. Oncogene 1989; 4: 1169–1174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottrell, S, Bicknell, D, Kaklamanis, L, et al. Molecular analysis of APC mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis and sporadic colon carcinomas. Lancet 1992; 340: 626–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Amico, D, Carbone, DP, Johnson, BE, et al. Polymorphic sites within the MCC and APC loci reveal very frequent loss of heterozygosity in human small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 1996–1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whang-Peng, J, Kao-Shan, CS, Lee, EC, et al. Specific chromosome defect associated with human small-cell lung cancer: deletion 3p(14–23). Science 1982; 215: 181–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor, SL, Johnson, BE, Minna, JD, et al. Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 3p markers in small-cell lung cancer. Nature 1987; 329: 451–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, BE, Sakaguchi, AY, Gazdar, AF, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphism studies show consistent loss of chromosome 3p alleles in small cell lung cancer patients's tumor. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 502–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauch, H, Johnson, B, Hovis, J, et al. Molecular analysis of the short arm of chromosome 3 in small-cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1109–1113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok, K, Osinga, J, Carritt, B, et al. Deletion of a DNA sequence at the chromosomal region 3p21 in all major types of lung cancer. Nature 1987; 330: 578–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganly, PS, Jarad, N, Rudd, RM, et al. PCR based RFLP analysis allows genotyping of the short arm of chromosome 3 in small biopsies from patients with lung cancer. Genomics 1992; 12: 221–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama, S, Yamakawa, K, Tsuchiya, E, et al. Deletion mapping on the short arm of chromosome 3 in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 873–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori, N, Yokopta, J, Oshimura, M, et al. Concordant deletions of chromosome 3p and loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 13 and 17 in small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5130–5135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibi, K, Takahashi, T, Yamakawa, K, et al. Three distinct regions involved in 3p deletion in human lung cancer. Oncogene 1992; 7: 445–449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latif, F, Tory, K, Gnarra, J, et al. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science 1993; 260: 1317–1320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbert, JF, Moghal, N, Frangioni, JV, et al. High frequency of retinoic acid receptor β abnormalities in human lung cancer. Oncogene 1991; 6: 1859–1868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houle B, Leduc F, Bradley WEC. Implication of RARB in epidermoid (squamous) lung cancer. Genes Chrom Cancer 1991; 3: 358–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, DK, Kaplan, DR, Rapp, U, et al. Signal transduction from membrane to cytoplasm: growth factors and membrane-bound oncogene products increase Raf-1 phosphorylation and associated protein kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 8855–8859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sithanadam, G, Dean, M, Brennscheidt, U, et al. Loss of heterozygosity at the c-raf locus in small cell lung carcinoma. Oncogene 1989; 4: 451–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp, UR, Huleihel, M, Pawson, T, et al. Role of raf oncogenes in lung carcinogenesis. Lung Cancer 1988; 4: 162–167
   Google Scholar
• LaForgia, S, Morse, B, Levy, J, et al. Receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase γ is a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome region 3p21. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991; 88: 5036–5040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok, K, Hofstra, R, Pilz, A, et al. A gene in the chromosomal region 3p21 with greatly reduced expression in lung cancer is similar to the gene for ubiquitin-activating enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993; 90: 6071–6075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carritt, B, Kok, K, Ven den Berg, A, et al. A gene from chromosome region 3p21 with reduced expression in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 1536–1541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukeis, R, Irving, L, Garson, M, et al. Cytogenetics of non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of consistent non-random abnormalities. Genes Chrom Cancer 1990; 2: 116–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo, A, Gabrielson, E, Askin, F, et al. Frequent loss of chromosome 9 in human primary non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 640–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamb, A, Gruis, NA, Weaver-Feldhaus, J, et al. A cell cycle regulator potentially involved in genesis of many tumor types. Science 1994; 264: 436–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Call, KM, Glaser, T, Ito, CY, et al. Isolation and characterization of a zinc finger polypeptide gene at the human chromosome 11 Wilms' tumor locus. Cell 1990; 60: 509–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessler, M, Poustka, A, Cavanee, W, et al. Homozygous deletion in Wilms tumours of a zinc-finger gene identified by chromosome jumping. Nature 1990; 343: 774–778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J-Q, Crepin M, Hamelin R. Allelic loses on chromosome 1p, 3p, 11p and 11q in human non small cell lung cancers. CR Acad Sci Paris 1990; t311: 175–180, Serie III
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, MA, Vollmer, R, Huper, G, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for genes 11p and the clinical course of patients with lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 2303–2306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraishi, M, Morinaga, S, Noguchi, M, et al. Loss of genes on the short arm of chromosome 11 in human lung carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 1987; 78: 1302–1308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludwig, CU, Raeffle, G, Dalquen, P, et al. Allelic loss on the short arm of chromosome 11 in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 1992; 49: 661–665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundrasen, V, Ganly, P, Hasleton, P, et al. p53 and chromosome 3 abnormalities, characteristic of malignant lung tumours, are detectable in preinvasive lesions of the bronchus. Oncogene 1992; 7: 1989–1997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sozzi, G, Miozzo, M, Donghi, R, et al. Deletions of 17p and p53 mutations in preneoplastic lesions of the lung. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 6079–6082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steeg, PS, Bevilacqua, G, Kopper, L, et al. Evidence for a novel gene associated with low tumor metastatic potential. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 200–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steeg PS, Cohn KH, Leone A. Tumor metastasis and nm23: current concepts. Cancer Cells 1991; 3: 257–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevilacqua, G, Sobel, ME, Liotta, LA, et al. Association of low nm23 RNA levels in human primary infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas with lymph node involvement and other histological indicators of high metastatic potential. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5185–5190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashiyama, M, Doi, O, Yokouchi, H, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of nm23 gene product/NDP kinase expression in pulmonary adenocarcinoma: lack of prognostic value. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 533–536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel, M, Theisinger, B, Seib, T, et al. High levels of nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 messenger RNA in human squamous cell lung carcinoma are associated with poor differentiation and advanced tumor stages. Int J Cancer 1993; 55: 373–379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone, A, McBride, OW, Weston, A, et al. Somatic allelic deletion of nm23 in human cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2490–2493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaltonen, LA, Peltomaki, P, Leach, FS, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 1993; 260: 812–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 1993; 260: 816–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ionov, Y, Peinado, MA, Malkhosyan, S, et al. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for carcinogenesis. Nature 1993; 363: 558–561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palombo, F, Hughes, M, Jiricny, J, et al. Mismatch repair and cancer. Nature 1994; 367: 417–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Service RF. Stalking the start of colon cancer. Science 1994; 263: 1559–1560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooster, R, Cleton-Jansen, A-M, Collins, N, et al. Instability of short tandem repeats (microsatellites) in human cancers. Nature Genet 1994; 6: 152–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltomaki, P, Lothe, RA, Aaltonen, LA, et al. Microsatellite instability is associated with tumors that characterize the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma syndrome. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5853–5855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki, H, Ueda, R, Takahashi, T, et al. Altered imprinting in lung cancer. Nature Genet 1994; 6: 332–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsudomi, T, Lam, S, Shirakusa, T, et al. Detection and sequencing of p53 gene mutations in bronchial biopsy samples in patients with lung cancer. Chest 1993; 104: 362–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar