2
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Messages and handshakes: Cellular interactions in pulmonary fibrosis

&
Pages 18-26 | Accepted 21 Jun 1994, Published online: 06 Jul 2009

References

  • Cardoso, WV, Sekhon, HS, Hyde, DM, et al. Collagen and elastin in human pulmonary emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 975–981
  • Adler, KB, Low, RB, Leslie, KO, et al. Biology of disease. Contractile cells in normal and fibrotic lung. Lab Invest 1989; 60: 473–485
  • Phan SH, Thrall RS, Ward PA. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats: biochemical demonstration of increased rate of collagen synthesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 501–506
  • Last, JA, King, TE, Nerlich, AG, et al. Collagen cross-linking in adult patients with acute and chronic fibrotic lung disease: Molecular markers for fibrotic collagen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 307–313
  • Blaschke E, Eklund A, Hembrand R. Extracellular matrix components in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in sarcoidosis and their relationship to signs of alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1020–1025
  • Basset, F, Ferrans, VJ, Soler, P, et al. Intraluminal fibrosis in interstitial lung disorders. Am J Pathol 1986; 122: 443–461
  • Kuhn, C, Boldt, J, King, TE, et al. An immunohistochemical study of architectural remodeling and connective tissue synthesis in pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 1693–1703
  • Warnock ML. Reactions of the lung to environmental injuries. Environmental pathology: an evolving field, RB Hill, JA Terzian. Alan R. Liss, New York 1982; 155–199, In
  • Snider GL. Interstitial lung disease: pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. Interstitial lung disease, MI Schwarz, TE King. B.C. Decker Inc., Toronto 1988; 1–13, In
  • Crouch E. Pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol 1990; 159: L159–L184
  • Dunnill MS. Pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary pathology2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1987; 251–282, In
  • Lykke, AWJ, Stewart, BW, O'Connell, PJ, et al. Pulmonary responses to atmospheric pollutants. I. An ultrastructural study of fibrosing alveolitis evoked by petrol vapour. Pathology 1979; 11: 71–80
  • Lazenby, AJ, Crouch, EC, McDonald, JA, et al. Remodeling of the lung in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat. An immunohistochemical study of laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 206–214
  • Zimmerman, GA, Lorant, DE, McIntyre, TM, et al. Juxtacrine intercellular signalling: another way to do it. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9: 573–577
  • Leibovich SJ, Ross R. The role of the macrophage in wound repair: A study with hydrocortisone and antimacrophage serum. Am J Pathol 1975; 78: 71–100
  • Wahl SM, Wong H, McCartney-Francis N. Role of growth factors in inflammation and repair. J Cell Biochem 1989; 40: 193–199
  • King RJ, Jones MB, Minoo P. Regulation of lung cell proliferation by polypeptide growth factors. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: L23–L38
  • Rappolee DA, Werb Z. Macrophage-derived growth factors. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 1992; 181: 87–140
  • Raines EW, Dower SK, Ross R. Interleukin-1 mitogenic activity for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells is due to PDGF-AA. Science 1989; 243: 393–396
  • Paulsson, Y, Austgulen, R, Hofsli, E, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-induced expression of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain messenger RNA in fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1989; 180: 490–496
  • Valyi-Nagy, I, Jensen, PJ, Albelda, SM, et al. Cytokine-induced expression of transforming growth factor-α and the epidermal growth factor receptor in neonatal skin explants. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99: 350–356
  • Bitterman PB, Adelberg S, Crystal RG. Mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis: Spontaneous release of the alveolar macrophage-derived growth factor in the interstitial lung disorders. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 1801–1813
  • Martinet, Y, Rom, WN, Grotendorst, GR, et al. Exaggerated spontaneous release of platelet-derived growth factor by alveolar macrophages from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. New Eng J Med 1987; 317: 202–209
  • Henke, C, Marinelli, WA, Jessurun, J, et al. Macrophage production of basic fibroblast growth factor in the fibroproliferative disorder of alveolar fibrosis after lung injury. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 1189–1199
  • Hunninghake, GW, Garrett, KC, Richerson, HB, et al. Pathogenesis of the granulomatous lung diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 476–496
  • Rom WN, Travis WD, Brody AR. Cellular and molecular basis of the asbestos-related diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 408–422
  • Oghiso Y, Kubota Y. Interleukin-1 production and accessory cell function of rat alveolar macrophages exposed to mineral dust particles. Microbiol Immunol 1987; 31: 275–287
  • Dubois CM, Bissonnette E, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Asbestos fibers and silica particles stimulate rat alveolar macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor. Autoregulatory role of leukotriene B4. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 1257–1264
  • Driscoll, KE, Higgins, JM, Leytart, MJ, et al. Differential effects of mineral dusts on the in vitro activation of alveolar macrophage eicosanoid and cytokine release. Toxicol in Vitro 1990; 4: 284–288
  • Lugano, EM, Dauber, JH, Elias, JA, et al. The regulation of lung fibroblast proliferation by alveolar macrophages in experimental silicosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 767–771
  • Gritter HL, Adamson IYR, King GM. Modulation of fibroblast activity of normal and silica-exposed alveolar macrophages. J Pathol 1986; 148: 263–271
  • Benson SC, Belton JC, Scheve LG. Regulation of lung fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis by alveolar macrophages in experimental silicosis. I. Effects of macrophage conditioned medium from silica instilled rats. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1986; 7: 87–97
  • Lemaire, I, Beaudoin, H, Masse, S, et al. Alveolar macrophage stimulation of lung fibroblast growth in asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 1986; 122: 205–211
  • Brown GP, Monick M, Hunninghake GW. Fibroblast proliferation induced by silica-exposed human alveolar macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 85–89
  • Begin, R, Dufresne, A, Cantin, A, et al. Quartz exposure, retention and early silicosis in sheep. Exp Lung Res 1989; 15: 409–428
  • Adamson IYR, Bowden DH. Pulmonary reaction to long and short asbestos fibers is independent of fibroblast growth factor production by alveolar macrophages. Am J Pathol 1990; 137: 523–529
  • Lemaire I. Selective differences in macrophage populations and monokine production in resolving pulmonary granuloma and fibrosis. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 487–495
  • Westermark B, Heldin CH. Similar action of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor in the prereplicative phase of human fibroblasts suggests a common intracellular pathway. J Cell Physiol 1985; 124: 43–48
  • Hill, DJ, Strain, AJ, Elstow, SF, et al. Bi-functional action of transforming growth factor-β on DNA synthesis in early passage human fetal fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1986; 128: 322–328
  • Freundlich, B, Bomalaski, JS, Neilson, E, et al. Regulation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis by cytokines. Immunol Today 1986; 7: 303–307
  • Raines EW, Ross R. Identification and assay of PDGF-binding proteins. Methods Enzymol 1987; 147: 48–64
  • Goldyne ME. Lymphocytes and arachidonic acid metabolism. Prog Allergy 1988; 44: 140–152
  • Conover CA, Rosenfeld RG, Hintz RL. Serum glucocorticoids have persistent and controlling effects on insulin like growth factor 1 action under serum-free assay conditions in cultured human fibroblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1989; 25: 521–527
  • Kumar, RK, O'Grady, R, Li, W, et al. Primary culture of adult mouse lung fibroblasts in serum-free medium: responses to growth factors. Exp Cell Res 1991; 193: 398–404
  • Kumar, RK, O'Grady, R, Li, W, et al. Mitogenic activity for fibroblasts induced by silica and titanium dioxide particles in vitro and in vivo. Int J Exp Pathol 1992; 73: 573–583
  • Schapira RM, Osornio-Vargas AR, Brody AR. Inorganic particles induce secretion of a macrophage homologue of platelet-derived growth factor in a density- and time-dependent manner in vitro. Exp Lung Res 1991; 17: 1011–1024
  • Lehnert BE. Pulmonary and thoracic macrophage subpopulations and clearance of particles from the lung. Environ Health Perspect 1992; 97: 17–46
  • Adamson IYR, Letourneau HL, Bowden DH. Enhanced macrophage-fibroblast interactions in the pulmonary interstitium increases fibrosis after silica injection to monocyte-depleted mice. Am J Pathol 1989; 134: 411–418
  • Velan GM, Kumar RK, Cohen DD. Pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis following subacute inhalational exposure to silica: determinants of progression. Pathology 1993; 25: 282–290
  • Vignaud, JM, Allam, M, Martinet, N, et al. Presence of platelet-derived growth factor in normal and fibrotic lung is specifically associated with intersitial macrophages, while both interstitial macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells express the c-sis protooncogene. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 5: 531–538
  • Brody, AR, Bonner, JC, Overby, LH, et al. Interstitial pulmonary macrophages produce platelet-derived growth factor that stimulates rat lung fibroblast proliferation in vitro. J Leuk Biol 1992; 51: 640–648
  • Adamson IYR, Letourneau HL, Bowden DH. Comparison of alveolar and interstitial macrophages in fibroblast stimulation after silica and long or short asbestos. Lab Invest 1991; 64: 339–344
  • Sjostrand, M, Absher, PM, Hemenway, DR, et al. Comparison of lung alveolar and tissue cells in silica-induced inflammation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 47–52
  • Phan SH, Kunkel SL. Lung cytokine production in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 1992; 18: 29–43
  • Dean, MF, Rodman, J, Levy, M, et al. Contact formation and transfer of mannose BSA gold from macrophages to cultured fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1991; 192: 536–542
  • Massague J. Transforming growth factor-α: A model for membrane-anchored growth factors. J Biol Chem 1990; 35: 21393–21396
  • Read J. The pathogenesis of the Hamman-Rich syndrome: A review from the standpoint of possible allergic etiology. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 1958; 78: 353–369
  • Kradin, RL, Divertie, MB, Colvin, RB, et al. Usual interstitial pneumonitis is a T-cell alveolitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 40: 224–235
  • Costabel, U, Bross, KJ, Huck, E, et al. Lung and blood lymphocyte subsets in asbestosis and in mixed dust pneumoconiosis. Chest 1987; 91: 110–112
  • Cooper JAD, Zitnik RJ, Matthay RA. Mechanisms of drug-induced pulmonary disease. Ann Rev Med 1988; 39: 395–404
  • Hunninghake, GW, Gadek, JE, Young, RC, et al. Maintenance of granuloma formation in pulmonary sarcoidosis by T-lymphocytes within the lung. New Eng J Med 1980; 302: 594–598
  • Harrison, NK, Myers, AR, Corrin, B, et al. Structural features of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 706–713
  • Haslam, PL, Turton, CWG, Heard, B, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary fibrosis: comparison of cells obtained with lung biopsy and clinical features. Thorax 1980; 35: 9–18
  • Kumar RK, Watkins SG, Lykke AWJ. Pulmonary responses to bleomycin-induced injury: an immunomorphologic and electron microscopic study. Exp Pathol 1985; 28: 33–43
  • Kumar RK. Quantitative immunohistologic assessment of lymphocyte populations in the pulmonary inflammatory response to intratracheal silica. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 605–614
  • Kumar RK, Li W, O'Grady R. Activation of lymphocytes in the pulmonary inflammatory response to silica. Immunol Invest 1990; 19: 363–372
  • Li, W, Kumar, RK, O'Grady, R, et al. Role of lymphocytes in silicosis: regulation of secretion of macrophage-derived mitogenic activity for fibroblasts. Int J Exp Pathol 1992; 73: 793–800
  • Kovacs EJ, Kelley J. Lymphokine regulation of macrophage derived growth factor secretion following pulmonary injury. Am J Pathol 1985; 121: 261–268
  • Collart, MA, Belin, D, Vassalli, J-D, et al. γ Interferon enhances macrophage transcription of the tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin 1, and urokinase genes, which are controlled by short-lived repressors. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 2113–2118
  • Shaw, RJ, Benedict, SH, Clark, RAF, et al. Pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in interstitial lung disease. Alveolar macrophage PDGF(B) gene activation and up-regulation by interferon gamma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 167–173
  • Donnelly, RP, Fenton, MJ, Finbloom, DS, et al. Differential regulation of IL-1 production in human monocytes by IFN-γ and IL-4. J Immunol 1990; 145: 569–575
  • Kumar, RK, O'Grady, R, Li, W, et al. Secretion of epidermal growth factor-like molecular species by lung parenchymal macrophages: induction by interferon-γ. Growth Factors 1993; 9: 223–230
  • Caruso, A, Terlenghi, L, Scalzini, A, et al. Evaluation of the expression of IFN-γ in lymphocytes using a monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1988; 113: 37–43
  • Poo WJ, Conrad L, Janeway CA. Receptor-directed focusing of lymphokine release by helper T cells. Nature 1988; 332: 378–380
  • Zhu, JQ, Wu, J, Zhu, DX, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) induces human macrophage production of transforming growth factor-alpha. Cell Mol Biol 1991; 37: 413–419
  • Antoniades, HN, Neville-Golden, J, Galanopoulos, T, et al. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mRNA in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5371–5375
  • Carr, MW, Roth, SJ, Luther, E, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 acts as a T-lymphocyte chemoattractant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 3652–3656
  • Dvorak HF, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM. Cellular and vascular manifestations of cell-mediated immunity. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 122–137
  • Stein-Streilin, J, Lipscomb, MF, Fisch, H, et al. Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis induced in hapten-immune hamsters. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 119–123
  • Pollaco, S, Nicholas, WL, Mitchell, GF, et al. T-cell dependent collagenous encapsulating response in the mouse liver to Mesocestoides corti (cestoda). Int J Parasitol 1978; 8: 457–462
  • Wahl, SM, Hunt, DA, Allen, JB, et al. Bacterial cell wall-induced granulomas. An in vivo model of T cell-dependent fibrosis. J Exp Med 1986; 163: 884–902
  • Rossi, GA, Szapiel, S, Ferrans, VJ, et al. Susceptibility to experimental interstitial lung disease is modified by immune and nonimmune related genes. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 448–455
  • Callis, AH, Sohnle, PG, Mandel, GS, et al. Kinetics of inflammatory and fibrotic pulmonary changes in a murine model of silicosis. J Lab Clin Med 1985; 105: 547–553
  • Honda, K, Kimura, A, Dong, RP, et al. Immunogenetic analysis of silicosis in Japan. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 8: 106–111
  • Schrier DJ, Phan SH, McGarry BM. The effects of the nude (nu/nu) mutation on belomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127: 614–617
  • Piguet, PF, Collart, MA, Grau, GE, et al. Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin plays a key role in bleomycin-induced pneumopathy and fibrosis. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 655–663
  • Hubbard AK. Role for T lymphocytes in silica-induced pulmonary inflammation. Lab Invest 1989; 61: 46–52
  • Janick-Buckner D, Ranges GE, Hacker MP. Effect of cytotoxic monoclonal antibody depletion of T-lymphocyte subpopulations on bleomycin-induced lung damage in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 100: 474–484
  • Muller-Quernheim, J, Saltini, C, Sondermeyer, P, et al. Compartmentalized activation of the interleukin 2 gene by lung T lymphocytes in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Immunol 1986; 137: 3475–3483
  • Kravis, TC, Ahmed, A, Brown, TE, et al. Pathologic mechanisms in pulmonary fibrosis: collagen-induced migration inhibition factor production and cytotoxicity mediated by lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 1223–1232
  • Schrier DJ, Phan SH, Ward PA. Cellular sensitivity to collagen in bleomycin-treated rats. J Immunol 1982; 129: 2156–2159
  • Adamson IYR, Young L, Bowden DH. Relationship of alveolar epithelial injury and repair to the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 1988; 130: 377–383
  • Rhodes, GC, Lykke, AWJ, Tapsall, JW, et al. Abnormal alveolar epithelial repair associated with failure of resolution in experimental streptococcal pneumonia. J Pathol 1989; 159: 245–253
  • LeMesurier SM, Lykke AWJ, Stewart BW. Reduced yield of pulmonary surfactant: Patterns of response following administration of chemicals to rats by inhalation. Toxicol Lett 1980; 5: 89–93
  • Adamson IYR, Bowden DH. Bleomycin-induced injury and metaplasia of alveolar type 2 cells: relationship of cellular responses to drug presence in the lung. Am J Pathol 1979; 96: 531–544
  • Coalson JJ. The ultrastructure of human fibrosing alveolitis. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 1982; 395: 181–199
  • Kawanami O, Ferrans VJ, Crystal RG. Structure of alveolar epithelial cells in patients with fibrotic lung disorders. Lab Invest 1982; 46: 39–53
  • Rhodes, GC, Kumar, RK, Lykke, AWJ, et al. Atypical differentiation of bronchiolar epithelial cells following experimental pneumonia. Virchow's Arch B (Cell Pathol) 1990; 59: 343–347
  • McGavran PD, Brody AR. Chrysotile asbestos inhalation induces tritiated thymidine incorporation by epithelial cells of distal bronchioles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1989; 1: 231–235
  • Kawamoto M, Fukuda Y. Cell proliferation during the process of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Acta Pathol Japon 1990; 40: 227–238
  • Stewart BW, LeMesurier SM, Lykke AWJ. Correlation of biochemical and morphological changes induced by chemical injury to the lung. Chem-Biol Interact 1979; 26: 321–338
  • LeMesurier SM, Stewart BW, Lykke AWJ. Injury to type 2 pneumocytes in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Environ Res 1981; 24: 207–217
  • Brody, AR, Soler, P, Basset, F, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal associations of cells in human pulmonary fibrosis and in BHT-oxygen-induced fibrosis in mice. Exp Lung Res 1981; 2: 207–220
  • Khalil, N, O'Connor, RN, Unruh, HW, et al. Increased production and immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-β in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 5: 155–162
  • Williams AO, Flanders KC, Saffiotti U. Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-β1 in rats with experimental silicosis, alveolar type II hyperplasia, and lung cancer. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 1831–1840
  • Antoniades, HN, Bravo, MA, Avila, RE, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1055–1064
  • Raaberg, L, Nexo, E, Buckley, S, et al. Epidermal growth factor transcription, translation, and signal transduction by rat type II pneumocytes in culture. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6: 44–49
  • Piguet, PF, Ribaux, C, Karpuz, V, et al. Expression and localization of tumor necrosis factor-α and its mRNA in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 651–655
  • Nash, JRG, McLaughlin, PJ, Butcher, D, et al. Expression of tumour necrosis factor-α in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Histopathology 1993; 22: 343–347
  • Tazi, A, Bouchonnet, F, Grandsaigne, M, et al. Evidence that granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor regulates the distribution and differentiated state of dendritic cells/Langerhans cells in human lung and lung cancers. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 566–576
  • Brandes ME, Finkelstein JN. The production of alveolar macrophage-derived growth-regulating proteins in response to lung injury. Toxicol Lett 1990; 54: 3–22
  • Kumar, RK, Truscott, JY, Smith, GJ, et al. Lymphokine-induced phenotypic changes in cells of a type 2 pneumocyte-related strain: characterization of activity in mitogen-stimulated spleen cell supernatants. Exp Lung Res 1987; 13: 127–140
  • Ballard, PL, Liley, HG, Gonzales, LW, et al. Interferon-gamma and synthesis of surfactant components by cultured human fetal lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 2: 137–143
  • DeClerck Y, Draper V, Parkman R. Clonal analysis of murine graft-vs-host disease. II. Leukokines that stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in graft-vs. host disease. J Immunol 1986; 136: 3549–3552
  • Lammie, PJ, Monroe, JG, Michael, AI, et al. Partial characterization of a fibroblast-stimulating factor produced by cloned murine T lymphocytes. Am J Pathol 1988; 130: 289–295
  • Blotnik, S, Peoples, GE, Freeman, MR, et al. T lymphocytes synthesize and export heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, mitogens for vascular cells and fibroblasts: differential production and release by CD4+ and CD8+T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 2890–2894
  • Story MT. Cultured human foreskin fibroblasts produce a factor that stimulates their growth with properties similar to basic fibroblast growth factor. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1989; 25: 402–408
  • Shoji, S, Rickard, KA, Takizawa, H, et al. Lung fibroblasts produce growth stimulatory activity for bronchial epithelial cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 433–439
  • Everett, MM, King, RJ, Jones, MB, et al. Lung fibroblasts from animals breathing 100% oxygen produce growth factors for alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: L247–L254
  • Young L, Adamson IYR. Epithelial-fibroblast interactions in bleomycin-induced lung injury and repair. Environ Health Perspect 1993; 101: 56–61
  • Panos, RJ, Rubin, JS, Aaronson, SA, et al. Keratinocyte growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor are heparin-binding growth factors for alveolar type II cells in fibroblast-conditioned medium. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 969–977
  • Ulich, TR, Yi, ES, Longmuir, K, et al. Keratinocyte growth factor is a growth factor for type II pneumocytes in vivo. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 1298–1306
  • Kawanami, O, Ferrans, VJ, Fulmer, JD, et al. Ultrastructure of pulmonary mast cells in patients with fibrotic lung disorders. Lab Invest 1979; 40: 717–734
  • Goto, T, Befus, D, Low, R, et al. Mast cell heterogeneity and hyperplasia in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 797–802
  • Aldenborg, F, Nilsson, K, Jarlshammar, B, et al. Mast cells and biogenic amines in radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 8: 112–117
  • Lykke AWJ, Schonell ME, Stewart BW. Hydropic endothelial degeneration and atypical mast cell degranulation in fibrosing alveolitis. Experientia 1979; 35: 1492–1492
  • Heard BE, Dewar A, Corrin B. Apposition of fibroblasts to mast cells and lymphocytes in normal human lung and in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Ultrastructural and cell perimeter measurements. J Pathol 1992; 166: 303–310
  • Galli SJ, Gordon JR, Wershil BK. Cytokine production by mast cells and basophils. Curr Opinion Immunol 1991; 3: 865–872
  • Pennington DW, Ruoss SJ, Gold WM. Dog mastocytoma cells secrete a growth factor for fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6: 625–632
  • Suzuki, N, Horiuchi, T, Ohta, K, et al. Mast cells are essential for the full development of silica-induced pulmonary inflammation: A study with mast cell-deficient mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9: 475–483
  • Kleeberger, SR, Seiden, JE, Levitt, RC, et al. Mast cells modulate acute ozone-induced inflammation of the murine lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1284–1291
  • Mori, H, Kawada, K, Zhang, P, et al. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/Wv mice and mechanism of the suppressive effect of tranilast, an antiallergic drug inhibiting mediator release from mast cells, on fibrosis. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1991; 95: 195–201
  • Lloyd AR, Oppenheim JJ. Poly's lament: the neglected role of the polymorphonuclear neutrophil in the afferent limb of the immune response. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 169–171
  • Behr, J, Maier, K, Krombach, F, et al. Pathogenetic significance of reactive oxygen species in diffuse fibrosing alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 146–150
  • Gerritsen ME, Bloor CM. Endothelial cell gene expression in response to injury. FASEB J 1993; 7: 523–532
  • McGavran PD, Moore LB, Brody AR. Inhalation of chrysotile asbestos induces rapid cellular proliferation in small pulmonary vessels of mice and rats. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 695–705
  • Hunninghake, GW, Gadek, JE, Kawanami, O, et al. Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Pathol 1979; 97: 149–206
  • Daniele, RP, Elias, JA, Epstein, PE, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage: Role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of interstitial lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 93–108
  • Turner-Warwick M, Haslam PL. The value of serial bronchoalveolar lavages in assessing the clinical progress of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 26–34
  • Sprugel, KH, McPherson, JM, Clowes, AW, et al. Effects of growth factors in vivo. I. Cell ingrowth into porous subcutaneous chambers. Am J Pathol 1987; 129: 601–613
  • Sporn MB, Roberts AB. Peptide growth factors are multifunctional. Nature 1988; 332: 217–219
  • Mann, GB, Fowler, KJ, Gabriel, A, et al. Mice with a null mutation of the TGF-α gene have abnormal skin architecture, wavy hair, and curly whiskers and often develop corneal inflammation. Cell 1993; 73: 249–261
  • Kundig, TM, Schorle, H, Bachmann, MF, et al. Immune responses in interleukin-2-deficient mice. Science 1993; 262: 1059–1061
  • Taverne J. Transgenic mice in the study of cytokine function. Int J Exp Pathol 1993; 74: 525–546

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.