Students’ Approaches to Learning in Finnish General Upper Secondary School

REFERENCES

• Andrews , J. , Violato , C. , Rabb , K. and Hollingsworth , M. 1994 . A validity of Biggs’ three‐factor model of learning approaches: a confirmatory factor analysis employing a Canadian sample . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 64 : 179 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , J.B. 1978 . Individual and group differences in study process . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 48 : 226 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Biggs , J.B. 1979 . Individual differences in study processes and the quality of learning outcomes . Higher Education , 8 : 381 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , J.B. 1985 . The role of metalearing in study processes . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 55 : 185 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , J.B. 1987 . Student approaches to learning and studying , Hawthorn : Australian Council for Educational Research .
   Google Scholar
• Biggs , J.B. 1988 . “ Approaches to learning and to essay writing ” . In Learning Strategies and Learning Styles , Edited by: Schmuck , R. New York, NY : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Biggs , J.B. 1993a . From theory to practice: a cognitive systems approach . Higher Education Research and Development , 12 : 73 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Biggs , J.B. 1993b . What do inventories of students’ learning processes really measure? A theoretical review and clarification . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 63 : 3 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bochner , S. 1996 . The learning strategies of bilingual versus monolingual students . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 66 : 83 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derry , S. and Murphy , D. 1986 . Designing systems that train learning ability; from theory to practice . Review of Educational Research , 56 : 1 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund‐Myrskog , C. 1996 . Students’ Ideas of Learning. Conceptions, approaches, and outcomes in different educational contexts , Abo : Abo Akademi University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Entwistle , N. 1981 . Styles of Learning and Teaching. An integrated outline of educational psychology for students, teachers, and lectures , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Entwistle , N. and Ramsden , P. 1983 . Understanding Student Learning , London : Croom Helm, Nichols .
   Google Scholar
• Fransson , A. 1977 . On qualitative differences in learning IV. Effects of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic test anxiety on process and outcome . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 47 : 244 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattie , J. and Watkins , D. 1988 . Preferred classroom environment and approach to learning . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 58 : 345 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kember , D. and Gow , L. 1990 . Cultural specificity of approaches to study . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 60 : 356 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marton , F. 1975 . On Non‐verbatim Learning I. Level of processing and level of outcome , Goteborg : University of Goteborg Institute of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Marton , F. and Säljö , R. 1976 . On qualitative differences in learning. I. Outcome and process . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 46 : 4 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marton , F. and Säljö , R. 1984 . “ Approaches to learning ” . In The Experience of Learning , Edited by: Marton , F. , Hounsell , D. and Entwistle , N. Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marton , F. , Dall'alba , G. and Tse , L. The paradox of the Chinese learner . Paper presented at the 4th S.E. Asian Regional Conference . Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Marton , F. , Dall'alba , G. and Beauty , E. 1993 . Conceptions of learning . International Journal of Educational Research , 19 : 277 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Marton , F. , Watkins , D. and Tang , C. Discontinuities and continuities in the experience of learning. An interview study of highschool students in Hong Kong . Paper presented at the 6th European Conference for Research on Learning and Instruction . Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Marton , F. , Hounsell , D. and Entwistle , N. , eds. 1997 . The Experience of Learning , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• McKeachie , W. , Pintrich , P. , Lin , Y. and Smith , D. 1986 . Teaching and Learning in the College Classroom: a review of the research literature , Ann Arbor, MI : University of Michigan, National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning .
   Google Scholar
• National Board of Education . 1994 . Grundema för Gymnasiets Läroplan , Helsingfors : Utbildningsstyrelsen . [Basic curriculum for upper secondary school]
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet , J. and Shucksmith , J. 1986 . Learning Strategies , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Österback , T. 1997 . En jämförande studie av högstadie‐ och gymnasieelevers förhllningssätt till inlärning , Åbo : Åbo Akademi, Samhälls‐ och vårdvetenskapliga fakulteten, Avhandling pro gradu i pedagogik . [A comparative study of students approaches to learning in secondary school and in general upper secondary school]
   Google Scholar
• Perry , W.G. 1970 . Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years; a scheme , New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsden , P. 1988 . “ Studying learning: improving teaching ” . In Improving Learning: new perspectives , Edited by: Ramsden , P. London : Kogan Page .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsden , P. and Entwistle , N. 1981 . Affects of academic departments on students’ approaches to studying . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 51 : 368 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsden , P. , Martin , E. and Bowden , J. 1989 . School environment and sixth form pupils’ approaches to learning . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 59 : 129 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säljö , R. 1979 . Learning in the Learners Perspective I. Some commonsense conceptions , Göteborg : University of Göteborg, Institute of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Svensson , L. 1976 . Study Skill and Learning , Göteborg : Acta Univcrsitatis Gothoburgensis . Göteborg Studies in Educational Sciences 19
   Google Scholar
• Trigwell , K. and Prosser , M. 1991 . Relating approaches to study and quality of learning outcomes at the course level . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 61 : 265 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rossum , E.J. and Schenk , S.M. 1984 . The relationship between learning conception, study strategy, and learning outcome . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 54 : 73 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , D. 1983 . Depth of processing and the quality of learning outcomes . Instructional Science , 12 : 49 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , D. and Akande , A. 1994 . Approaches to learning of Nigerian secondary school children: emic and ctic perspectives . International Journal of Psychology , 29 : 165 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , D. and Hattie , J. 1990 . Individual and contextual differences in the approaches to learning of Australian secondary school students . Educational Psychology , 10 : 333 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , C. and Mayer , R. 1986 . “ The teaching of learning strategies ” . In Handbook of Research on Teaching , Edited by: Wittrock , M. New York, NY : McMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Wen , Q. and Marton , F. Chinese views on the relation between memorization and understanding . Paper presented at the 5th Conference of European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction . Aix‐en‐Provcnce, France.
   Google Scholar