Morphological variation, ultrastructure, pigment composition and phylogeny of the star-shaped dinoflagellate Asterodinium gracile (Kareniaceae, Dinophyceae)

References

• Abboud-Abi Saab M. 1985. Étude quantitative et qualitative du phytoplancton des eaux côtières libanaises. Lebanese Science Bulletin 1: 197–222.
   Google Scholar
• Abboud-Abi Saab M. 1989. Les dinoflagellés des eaux côtières libanaises- espèces rares ou nouvelles du phytoplancton marin. Lebanese Science Bulletin 5: 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Adachi M., Sako Y. & Ishida Y. 1994. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S regions in Japanese Alexandrium species (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 30: 857–863. DOI:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00857.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergholtz T., Daugbjerg N., Moestrup Ø. & Fernández-Tejedor M. 2005. On the identity of Karlodinium veneficum and description of Karlodinium armiger sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), based on light and electron microscopy, nuclear-encoded LSU rDNA, and pigment composition. Journal of Phycology 42: 170–193. DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00172.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botes L., Sym S.D. & Pitcher G.C. 2003. Karenia cristata sp. nov. and Karenia bicuneiformis sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae): two new Karenia species from the South African coast. Phycologia 42: 563–571. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-42-6-563.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang F.H. 1999. Gymnodinium brevisulcatum sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new species isolated from the 1998 summer toxic bloom in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Phycologia 38: 377–384. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-38-5-377.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang F.H. & Gall M. 2013. Pigment compositions and toxic effects of three harmful Karenia species, Karenia concordia, Karenia brevisulcata and Karenia mikimotoi (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), on rotifers and brine shrimps. Harmful Algae 27: 113–120. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2013.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang F.H. & Ryan K.G. 2004. Karenia concordia sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new non-thecate dinoflagellate isolated from the New Zealand northeast coast during the 2002 harmful algal bloom events. Phycologia 43: 552–562. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-43-5-552.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugbjerg N., Hansen G., Larsen J. & Moestrup Ø. 2000. Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. Phycologia 39: 302–317. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Salas M.F., Bolch C.J.S., Botes L., Nash G., Wright S.W. & Hallegraeff G.M. 2003. Takayama gen. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new genus of unarmored dinoflagellates with sigmoid apical grooves, including the description of two new species. Journal of Phycology 39: 1233–1246. DOI:10.1111/j.0022-3646.2003.03-019.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Salas M.F., Bolch C.J.S. & Hallegraeff G.M. 2004a. Karenia asterichroma sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new dinoflagellate species associated with finfish aquaculture mortalities in Tasmania, Australia. Phycologia 43: 624–631. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-43-5-624.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Salas M.F., Bolch C.J.S. & Hallegraeff G.M. 2004b. Karenia umbella sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new potentially ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate species from Tasmania, Australia. Phycologia 43: 166–175. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-43-2-166.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Salas M.F., Bolch C.J.S. & Hallegraeff G.M. 2005. Karlodinium australe sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new potentially ichthyotoxic unarmoured dinoflagellate from lagoonal habitats of south-eastern Australia. Phycologia 44: 640–650. DOI:10.2216/0031-8884(2005)44[640:KASNGD]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Salas M.F., Laza-Martinez A. & Hallegraeff G.M. 2008. Novel unarmored dinoflagellates from the toxigenic family Kareniaceae (Gymnodiniales): five new species of Karlodinium and one new Takayama from the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Phycology 44: 241–257. DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00458.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diego D., Guillermo L.T., Ramn D. & David P. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9: 772. DOI:10.1038/nmeth.2109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge J.D. & Crawford R.M. 1970. The morphology and fine structure of Ceratium hirundinella (Dinophyceae). Journal of Phycology 6: 137–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estrada M. 1979. Observaciones sobre la heterogeneidad del fitoplancton en una zona costera del mar Catalán. Investigación Pesquera 43: 637–666.
   Google Scholar
• Fensome R.A., Taylor F.J.R., Norris G., Sarjeant W.A.S., Wharton D.I. & Williams G.L. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. American Museum of Natural History, Sheridan Press, Hanover, Pennsylvania, USA. 351 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gascuel O. 1997. BIONJ: an improved version of NJ algorithm based on a simple model of sequence data. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14: 685–695. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gast R.J., Moran D.M., Dennett M.R. & Caron D.A. 2007. Kleptoplasty in an Antarctic dinoflagellate: caught in evolutionary transition? Environmental Microbiology 9: 39–45. DOI:10.1111/emi.2007.9.issue-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez F. 2003. New records of Asterodinium Sournia (Brachidiniales, Dinophyceae). Nova Hedwigia 77: 331–340. DOI:10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0077-0331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez F. 2006. The dinoflagellate genera Brachidinium, Asterodinium, Microceratium and Karenia in the open SE Pacific Ocean. Algae 21: 445–452. DOI:10.4490/ALGAE.2006.21.4.445.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez F. 2007. Ceratoperidinium and Pseliodinium (Ceratoperidiniaceae, Dinophyceae) including reassignment of Gymnodinium fusus, Cochlodinium helix and C. pirum to Pseliodinium. CICIMAR Oceánides 33: 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez F. 2011. Diversity and distribution of the dinoflagellates Brachidinium, Asterodinium and Microceratium (Brachidiniales, Dinophyceae) in the open Mediterranean Sea. Acta Botanica Croatica 70: 209–214. DOI:10.2478/v10184-010-0019-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez F., Nagahama Y., Takayama H. & Furuya K. 2005a. Is Karenia a synonym of Asterodinium-Brachidinium? (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Acta Botanica Croatica 64: 263–274.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez F., Yoshimatsu S. & Furuya K. 2005b. Morphology of Brachidinium capitatum F.J.R. Taylor (Brachidiniales, Dinophyceae) collected from the western Pacific Ocean. Cryptogamie, Algology 26: 165–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu H., Luo Z., Zhang X., Xu B. & Fang Q. 2013. Morphology, ultrastructure and phylogeny of Takayama xiamenensis sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) from the East China Sea. Phycologia 52: 256–265. DOI:10.2216/12-090.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guindon S., Dufayard J.F., Lefort V., Anisimova M., Hordijk W. & Gascuel O. 2010. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59: 307–321. DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syq010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen G., Daugbjerg N. & Henriksen P. 2000. Comparative study of Gymnodinium mikimotoi and Gymnodinium aureolum, comb. nov. (=Gyrodinium aureolum) based on morphology, pigment composition and molecular data. Journal of Phycology 36: 394–410. DOI:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99172.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood A.J., Steidinger K.A., Truby E.W., Bergquist P.R., Bergquist P.L., Adamson J. & MacKenzie L. 2004. Comparative morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of three new species of the genus Karenia (Dinophyceae) from New Zealand. Journal of Phycology 40: 165–179. DOI:10.1111/(ISSN)1529-8817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrichs D.W., Sosik H.M., Olson R.J. & Campbell L. 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of Brachidinium capitatum (Dinophyceae) from the Gulf of Mexico indicates membership in the Kareniaceae. Journal of Phycology 47: 366–374. DOI:10.1111/jpy.2011.47.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Becerril D.U. & Bravo-Sierra E. 2004. New records of planktonic dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Botanica Marina 47: 417–423. DOI:10.1515/BOT.2004.051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwataki M., Hansen G., Moestrup Ø. & Matsuoka K. 2010. Ultrastructure of the harmful unarmored dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) with reference to the apical groove and flagellar apparatus. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 57: 308–321. DOI:10.1111/jeu.2010.57.issue-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwataki M., Kawami H., Mizushima K., Mikulski C.M., Doucette G.J., Relox J.R., Jr., Anton A., Fukuyo Y. & Matsuoka K. 2008. Phylogenetic relationship in the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) inferred from LSU rDNA sequences. Harmful Algae 7: 271–277. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2007.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen J. 1994. Unarmoured dinoflagellates from Australian waters I. The genus Gymnodinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 33: 24–33. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-33-1-24.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen J. 1996. Unarmoured dinoflagellates from Australian waters II. Genus Gyrodinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 35: 342–349. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-35-4-342.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadbeater B.S.C. & Dodge J.D. 1966. The fine structure of Woloszynskia micra sp. nov., a new marine dinoflagellate. British Phycological Bulletin 3: 1–17. DOI:10.1080/00071616600650011.
   Google Scholar
• Luo Z., Wang L., Chan L., Lu S. & Gu H. 2018. Karlodinium zhouanum, a new dinoflagellate species from China, and molecular phylogeny of Karenia digitata and Karenia longicanalis (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 57: 401–412. DOI:10.2216/17-106.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nézan E., Siano R., Boulben S., Six C., Bilien G., Chèze K., Duval A., Le Panse S., Quéré J. & Chomérat N. 2014. Genetic diversity of the harmful family Kareniaceae (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in France, with the description of Karlodinium gentienii sp. nov.: a new potentially toxic dinoflagellate. Harmful Algae 40: 75–91. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omura T., Iwataki M., Borja V.M., Takayama H. & Fukuyo Y. 2012. Marine phytoplankton of the western Pacific. Kouseisha Kouseikaku, Tokyo, Japan. 160 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Paulmier G., Berland B., Billard C. & Nézan E. 1995. Gyrodinium corsicum nov. sp. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyées), organisme responsible d’une “eau verte” dans l’étang marin de Diana (Corse), en avril 1994. Cryptogamie, Algologie 16: 77–94.
   Google Scholar
• Rambaut A. 1996. Sequence Alignment Editor v2.0a11. Available at: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/seal/ (Accessed 08 August 2018)
   Google Scholar
• Reñé A., Camp J. & Garcés E. 2015. Diversity and phylogeny of Gymnodiniales (Dinophyceae) from the NW Mediterranean Sea revealed by a morphological and molecular approach. Protist 166: 234–263. DOI:10.1016/j.protis.2015.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronquist F. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574. DOI:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seoane S., Zapata M. & Orive E. 2009. Growth rates and pigment patterns of haptophytes isolated from estuarine waters. Journal of Sea Research 62: 286–294. DOI:10.1016/j.seares.2009.07.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siano R., Kooistra W.H.C.F., Montresor M. & Zingone A. 2009. Unarmoured and thin-walled dinoflagellates from the Gulf of Naples, with the description of Woloszynskia cincta sp. nov. (Dinophyceae, Suessiales). Phycologia 48: 44–65. DOI:10.2216/08-61.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sournia A. 1972a. Quatre nouveaux dinoflagellés du plancton marin. Phycologia 11: 71–74. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-11-1-71.1.
   Google Scholar
• Sournia A. 1972b. Une période de poussées phytoplanctoniques près de Nosy-Bé (Madagascar) en 1971. I. Espèces rares ou nouvelles du phytoplancton. Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M., Série océanographie 10: 151–159.
   Google Scholar
• Sournia A. 1984. Classification et nomenclature de divers dinoflagellés marins (classe des Dinophyceae). Phycologia 23: 345–355. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-23-3-345.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steidinger K.A. & Tangen K. 1996. Dinoflagellates. In: Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates (Ed. by C.R. Tomas), pp. 387–598. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace & Company, San Diego, California, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Steidinger K.A., Truby E.W. & Dawes C.J. 1978. Ultrastructure of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. 1. General description. Journal of Phycology 14: 72–79. DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1978.tb00634.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K., Moestrup Ø., Wada M., Ishimatsu A., Nguyen V.N., Fukuyo Y. & Iwataki M. 2017. Dactylodinium pterobelotum gen. et sp. nov., a new marine woloszynskioid dinoflagellate positioned between the two families Borghiellaceae and Suessiaceae. Journal of Phycology 53: 1223–1240. DOI:10.1111/jpy.12575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama H. & Adachi R. 1984. Gymnodinium nagasakiense sp. nov., a red-tide forming dinophyte in the adjacent waters of Japan. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan 31: 7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Takishita K., Nakano K. & Uchida A. 1999. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of plastid-encoded genes from an anomalously pigmented dinoflagellate Gymnodinium mikimotoi (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyta). Phycological Research 47: 257–262. DOI:10.1111/pre.1999.47.issue-4.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor F.J.R. 1963. Brachydinium, a new genus of the Dinococcales from the Indian Ocean. South African Journal of Botany 29: 75–78.
   Google Scholar
• Tengs T., Dahlberg O.J., Shalchian-Tabrizi K., Klaveness D., Rudi K., Delwiche C.F. & Jakobsen K.S. 2000. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the 190 hexanoyloxy-fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates have tertiary plastids of haptophyte origin. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 718–729. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller R.F., Koreny L., Waller R.F. & Kořený L. 2017. Plastid complexity in dinoflagellates: a picture of gains, losses, replacements and revisions. In: Advances in botanical research (Ed. by Y. Hirakawa), pp. 105–143. Academic Press, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Yang Z.B., Hodgkiss I.J. & Hansen G. 2001. Karenia longicanalis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): A new bloom-forming species isolated from Hong Kong, May 1998. Botanica Marina 44: 67–74. DOI:10.1515/BOT.2001.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapata M., Fraga S., Rodríguez F. & Garrido J.L. 2012. Pigment-based chloroplast types in dinoflagellates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 465: 33–52. DOI:10.3354/meps09879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapata M., Rodríguez F. & Garrido J.L. 2000. Separation of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton: a new HPLC method using a reversed phase C8 column and pyridine-containing mobile phases. Marine Ecology Progress Series 195: 29–45. DOI:10.3354/meps195029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar