Measuring presidential centrism and its effect on repression: does ideology influence whether democratic governments respect human rights?

References

• Augenstein, D. 2016. “To Whom It May Concern: International Human Rights Law and Global Public Goods.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 23: 225. doi:10.2979/indjglolegstu.23.1.225.
   Google Scholar
• Bormann, N., and M. Golder. 2013. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946-2011.” Electoral Studies 32 (2): 360–369. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusco, S., M. Dziubiński, and J. Roy. 2012. “The Hotelling-Downs Model with Runoff Voting.” Games and Economic Behavior 74 (2): 447–469. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2011.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueno de Mesquita, B., A. Smith, R. M. Siverson, and J. D. Morrow. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheibub, J. A., J. Gandhi, and J. R. Vreeland. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143 (1): 67–101. doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cingranelli, D. L., and M. Filippov. 2010. “Electoral Rules and Incentives to Protect Human Rights.” The Journal of Politics 72 (1): 243–257. doi:10.1017/S0022381609990594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cingranelli, D. L., D. L. Richards, and K. C. Clay. 2014. The CIRI Human Rights Project, Version 2014. 04.14. Accessed 30 July 2016. http://www.humanrightsdata.com/p/data-doeumentation.html
   Google Scholar
• Cox, G. W. 1987. “Electoral Equilibrium under Alternative Voting Institutions.” American Journal of Political Science 31 (1): 82–108. doi:10.2307/2111325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport, C. 1995. “Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception and State Repression: An Inquiry into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions.” American Journal of Political Science 39 (3): 683–713. doi:10.2307/2111650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport, C. 1999. “Human Rights and the Democratic Proposition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43 (1): 92–116. doi:10.1177/0022002799043001006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport, C., and D. A. Armstrong. 2004. “Democracy and the Violations of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996.” American Journal of Political Science 48 (3): 538–554. doi:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00086.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, D., and R. Elgie. 2016. “Maximizing the Reliability of Cross-National Measures of Presidential Power.” British Journal of Political Science 46 (4): 731–741. doi:10.1017/S0007123414000465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fein, H. 1995. “More Murder in the Middle: Life Integrity Violations and Democracy in the World, 1987.” Human Rights Quarterly 17 (1): 170–191. doi:10.1353/hrq.1995.0001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerring, J., S. C. Thacker, and C. Moreno. 2005. “Centripetal Democratic Governance: A Theory and Global Inquiry.” American Political Science Review 99 (4): 567–581. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haan, M., and B. Volkerink. 2001. “A Runoff System Restores the Principle of Minimum Differentiation.” European Journal of Political Economy 17 (1): 157–162. doi:10.1016/S0176-2680(00)00033-1.
   Google Scholar
• Harff, B. 2003. “No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer, J. 2018. “Democratic Presidential Elections and Human Rights: Does a Runoff Round Reduce Repression?” The International Journal of Human Rights 22 (8): 1087–1110. doi:10.1080/13642987.2018.1499622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotelling, H. 1929. “Stability in Competition.” The Economic Journal 39 (153): 41–57. doi:10.2307/2224214.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., and R. C. Fording. 1998. “Voter Ideology in Western Democracies, 19461989.” European Journal of Political Research 33 (1): 73–97. doi:10.1111/ejpr.1998.33.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., and R. C. Fording. 2003. “Voter Ideology in Western Democracies: An Update.” European Journal of Political Research 42 (1): 95–105. doi:10.1111/ejpr.2003.42.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krain, M. 1997. “State-Sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (3): 331–360. doi:10.1177/0022002797041003001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, P., T. Matthieß, N. Merz, S. Regel, and B. Weßels. 2017. The Manifesto Data Collection: South America, Version 2017a. doi:10.25522/manifesto.mpdssa.2017a.
   Google Scholar
• Linz, J. J. 1990. “The Perils of Presidentialism.” Journal of Democracy 1 (1): 51–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson, T., and P. Wallensteen. 2015. “Armed Conflict, 1946–2014.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (4): 536–550. doi:10.1177/0022343315595927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poe, S. C., and C. N. Tate. 1994. “Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis.” American Political Science Review 88 (4): 853–872. doi:10.2307/2082712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poe, S. C., C. N. Tate, and L. C. Keith. 1999. “Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity Revisited.” International Studies Quarterly 43 (2): 291–313. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, D. L., A. Webb, and K. C. Clay. 2015. “Respect for Physical-Integrity Rights in the Twenty-First Century: Evaluating Poe and Tate’s Model 20 Years Later.” Journal of Human Rights 14 (3): 291–311. doi:10.1080/14754835.2015.1061423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomz, M., J. Wittenberg, and G. King. 2003. CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Department of Government.
   Google Scholar
• Volkens, A., P. Lehmann, T. Matthieß, N. Merz, S. Regel, and B. Weßels 2017. The Manifesto Data Collection, Version 2017a. doi:10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017a.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, N. 2016. “Human Rights and Global Public Goods: The Sound of One Hand Clapping.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 23: 249. doi:10.2979/indjglolegstu.23.1.249.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2015. World Development Indicators 1960-2014. Accessed 30 July 2016. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
   Google Scholar
• Yazici, E. 2018. “Nationalism and Human Rights.” Political Research Quarterly. doi:10.1177/1065912918781187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanger, S. 2000. “A Global Analysis of the Effect of Political Regime Changes on Life Integrity Violations, 1977–1993.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (2): 213–233. doi:10.1177/0022343300037002006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar