State of the nation: trends in New Zealand voters’ polarisation from 2009–2018

References

• Abramowitz, A. I., and K. L. Saunders. 2008. “Is Polarization a Myth?” Journal of Politics 70 (2): 542–555. doi:10.1017/S0022381608080493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, B. 1996. The Authoritarian Spectre. London: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arndt, C. 2016. “Issue Evolution and Partisan Polarization in a European Multiparty System: Elite and Mass Repositioning in Denmark 1968–2011.” European Union Politics 17 (4): 660–682. doi:10.1177/1465116516658359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldassarri, D., and A. Gelman. 2008. “Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion.” American Journal of Sociology 114 (2): 408–446. doi:10.1086/590649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. 2008. “The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems: Party System Polarization, Its Measurement, and Its Consequences.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (7): 899–920. doi:10.1177/0010414008315860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, R. E., A. M. McCright, and J. H.Yarosh. 2016. “The political divide on climate change: Partisan polarization widens in the US.” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 58 (5): 4–23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahey, K. M., A. Lee, and B. J. Milne. 2017. New Zealand socio-economic index 2013. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved from www.stats.govt.nz
   Google Scholar
• Fiorina, M. P., and S. J. Abrams. 2008. “Political Polarization in the American Public.” Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 563–588. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorina, M. P., S. J. Abrams, and J. C. Pope. 2006. Culture War? the Myth of a Polarized America. 2nd ed. New York: Pearson Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, M. 2011. “New Zealand Political Parties’ Policies.” New Zealand Sociology 26 (1): 41.
   Google Scholar
• Glick, P., and S. T. Fiske. 1996. “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70: 491–512. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greaves, L. M., and J. Hayward. 2020. “Māori and the 2017 General Election: Party, Participation, and Populism.” In The Populist Exception? The 2017 New Zealand General Election, edited by J. Vowles and J. Curtin, 213–246. Canberra: ANU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greaves, L. M., A. Robertson, L. J. Cowie, D. Osborne, C. A. Houkamau, and C. G. Sibley. 2017. “Predicting Party Vote Sentiment: Identifying the Demographic and Psychological Correlates of Party Preference in Two Large Datasets.” New Zealand Journal of Psychology 46 (3): 164–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greaves, L. M., D. Osborne, and C. G. Sibley. 2015. “Profiling the Fence-Sitters in New Zealand Elections: A Latent Profile Model of Political Voting Blocs.” New Zealand Journal of Psychology 44 (2): 43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetherington, M. J. 2001. “Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization.” American Political Science Review 95 (3): 619–631. doi:10.1017/S0003055401003045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y., D. Osborne, and C. G. Sibley. 2019. “The Gradual Move toward Gender Equality: A 7-year Latent Growth Model of Ambivalent Sexism.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 10 (3): 335–344. doi:10.1177/1948550617752472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humpage, L. 2011. “Neo-liberal Reform and Attitudes Towards Social Citizenship: A Review of New Zealand Public Opinion Data 1987–2005.” Social Policy Journal of New Zealand 37: 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., G. Sood, and Y. Lelkes. 2012. “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76 (3): 405–431. doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., and A. C. Kay. 2005. “Exposure to Benevolent Sexism and Complementary Gender Stereotypes: Consequences for Specific and Diffuse Forms of System Justification.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (3): 498–509. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, A. C., and J. T. Jost. 2003. “Complementary Justice: Effects of “Poor but Happy” and “Poor but Honest” Stereotype Exemplars on System Justification and Implicit Activation of the Justice Motive.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (5): 823–837. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosterman, R., and S. Feshbach. 1989. “Toward a Measure of Patriotic and Nationalistic Attitudes.” Political Psychology 10 (2): 257–274. doi:10.2307/3791647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layman, G. C., T. M. Carsey, and J. M. Horowitz. 2006. “Party Polarization in American Politics: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences.” Annual Review of Political Science 9 (1): 83–110. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. 2002. Mobilizing Public Opinion: Black Insurgency and Racial Attitudes in the Civil Rights Era. Chicago, IL: University Of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lees-Marshment, J., E. Elder, L. Chant, D. Osborne, J. Savoie, and C. van der Linden. 2018. “Political Parties and Their Customers: The Alignment of Party Policies with Supporter, Target and Undecided Market Preferences.” In Political Marketing and Management in the 2017 New Zealand Election. Palgrave Studies in Political Marketing and Management, edited by J. Lees-Marshment, 23–41. Cham: Palgrave Pivot.
   Google Scholar
• Levendusky, M. 2009. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J. H., and C. G. Sibley. 2006. “Differential Effects of Societal Anchoring and Personal Importance in Determining Support or Opposition to (Bi)cultural Diversity in New Zealand.” Papers on Social Representations 15: 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, L. 2016. “A Cross-cutting Calm: How Social Sorting Drives Affective Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 80 (S1): 351–377. doi:10.1093/poq/nfw001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, L. 2018. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, L., and J. Wronski. 2018. “One Tribe to Bind Them All: How Our Social Group Attachments Strengthen Partisanship.” Political Psychology 39: 257–277. doi:10.1111/pops.12485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, B. J., U. Byun, and A. Lee. 2013. New Zealand Socio-economic Index 2006. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P., and R. Inglehart. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pew research center. 2014. “Political Polarization in the American Public.” Accessed 24 June 2019. www.pewresearch.org
   Google Scholar
• Pew research center. 2017. “The Partisan Divide on Political Values Grows Even Wider.” Accessed 24 June 2019. www.pewresearch.org
   Google Scholar
• Satherley, N., P. Milojev, L. M. Greaves, Y. Huang, D. Osborne, J. Bulbulia, and C. G. Sibley. 2015. “Demographic and Psychological Predictors of Panel Attrition: Evidence from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study.” Public Library of Science 10 (3): e0121950. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, C. G. 2010. “The Dark Duo of Post-colonial Ideology: A Model of Symbolic Exclusion and Historical Negation.” International Journal of Conflict and Violence 4: 106–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, C. G. “Sampling Procedure and Sample Details for the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study.” NZAVS Technical Documents. Accessed 14 May 2019, e01.
   Google Scholar
• Sibley, C. G., and D. Osborne. 2016. “Ideology and Post-colonial Society.” Advances in Political Psychology 37 (1): 115–161. doi:10.1111/pops.12323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, C. G., J. H. Liu, J. Duckitt, and S. S. Khan. 2008. “Social Representations of History and the Legitimation of Social Inequality: The Form and Function of Historical Negation.” European Journal of Social Psychology 38 (3): 542–565. doi:10.1002/ejsp.449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidanius, J., and F. Pratto. 1999. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vowles, J., H. Coffé, and J. Curtin. 2017. A Bark but No Bite: Inequality and the 2014 New Zealand General Election. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.
   Google Scholar