Large Language Models Can Argue in Convincing Ways About Politics, But Humans Dislike AI Authors: implications for Governance

References

• Allen, J., B. Howland, M. Mobius, D. Rothschild, and D. J. Watts. 2020. “Evaluating the Fake News Problem at the Scale of the Information Ecosystem.” Science Advances 6 (14): eaay3539. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay3539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney, Bobby, and Danielle Citron. 2019. “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security.” California Law Review 107:1753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppock, Alexander, Thomas J. Leeper, and Kevin J. Mullinix. 2018. “Generalizability of Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimates across Samples.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (49): 12441–12446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, Yaoyao, and Benjamin J. Radford. 2023. “Large Language Models for Measuring Contested and Multi-Dimensional Concepts.” Paper Presented at Summer Political Methodology Meeting.
   Google Scholar
• Grumbach Jacob, M. 2018. “From Backwaters to Major Policymakers: Policy Polarization in the States, 1970–2014.” Perspectives on Politics 16 (2): 416–435. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759271700425X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halterman, Andrew. 2023 “Synthetically Generated Text for Supervised Text Analysis.” Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:2303.16028
   Google Scholar
• Jakesch, Maurice, Jeffrey T. Hancock, and Mor Naaman. 2023. “Human Heuristics for Ai-Generated Language are Flawed.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (11): e2208839120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2208839120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazer, D. M. J., M. A. Baum, Y. Benkler, A. J. Berinsky, K. M. Greenhill, F. Menczer, M. J. Metzger, et al. 2018. “The Science of Fake News.” Science 359 (6380): 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewen, Peter John, Daniel Rubenson, and Arthur Spirling. 2012. “Testing the Power of Arguments in Referendums: A Bradley–Terry Approach.” Electoral Studies 31 (1): 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2011.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martindale, Colin. 1990. The Clockwork Muse: The Predictability of Artistic Change. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Minqing, Hu, and Bing Liu. 2004. “Mining and Summarizing Customer Reviews.” In Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, Seattle, WA, USA, 168–177.
   Google Scholar
• Motoki, Fabio, Valdemar Pinho Neto, and Victor Rodrigues. 2023. “More Human than Human: Measuring Chatgpt Political Bias.” Available at SSRN 4372349.
   Google Scholar
• Rapp, Christof. 2009. “The Nature and Goals of Rhetoric.” In A Companion to Aristotle, edited by Anagnostopoulos Georgios, 577–596. Oxford UK: Wiley Online Library.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig, Leah R., and Molly Offer-Westort. 2022. “Testing Interventions to Address Vaccine Hesitancy on Facebook in East and West Africa.” Open Science Framework.
   Google Scholar
• Schiff, Kaylyn Jackson, Daniel S. Schiff, and Natalia Bueno. 2022. “The Liar’s Dividend: Can Politicians Use Deepfakes and Fake News to Evade Accountability?”
   Google Scholar
• Spirling, Arthur. 2023. “Why Open-Source Generative Ai Models are an Ethical Way Forward for Science.” Nature 616 (7957): 413. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-01295-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, Philip J., Dexter C. Dunphy, and Marshall S. Smith. 1966. The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: MIT press.
   Google Scholar
• Touvron, Hugo, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, et al. 2023. “Llama: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Susan, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, et al. 2022. “OPT: Open Pre-Trained Transformer Language Models.”
   Google Scholar