The role of smoking in the explanation of the Israeli Jewish pattern of sex differentials in mortality

References

• Almog , Oz. 2000 . The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Althuis , Michelle D. , Jaclyn M. Dozier , William F. Anderson , Susan S. Devesa , and Louise A. Brinton . 2005 . Global trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality 1973–1997 , International Journal of Epidemiology 34 2 405 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford , John R. 1992 . Letter to Editor: Deaths from tobacco . Lancet , 340 ( 8811 ) : 121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baron-Epel , Orna , Haviv-Messika , Amalia , Tamir , Dov , Nitzan-Kaluski , Dorit and Green , Manfred . 2004 . Multiethnic differences in smoking in Israel . European Journal of Public Health , 14 ( 4 ) : 384 – 389 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bobak , Martin. 2003 . Relative and absolute gender gap in all-cause mortality in Europe and the contribution of smoking . European Journal of Epidemiology , 18 ( 1 ) : 15 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bongaarts , John. 2006 . How long will we live? . Population and Development Review , 32 ( 4 ) : 605 – 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyarin , Daniel. 1997 . Unheroic Conduct: The Rise of Heterosexuality and the Invention of the Jewish Man , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bronnum-Hansen , Henrik and Juel , Knud . 2000 . Estimating mortality due to cigarette smoking: two methods, same result . Epidemiology , 11 ( 4 ) : 422 – 426 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Callum , C.hristine. 1992 . Letter to Editor: UK deaths from smoking . Lancet , 339 ( 8807 ) : 1484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics , Israel. Various years . Statistical Abstract of Israel . Jerusalem : Central Bureau of Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel . 1973 . Smoking Habits in Israel 1970 . Jerusalem : Central Bureau of Statistics (reprint from the Supplement to the Monthly Statistical Bulletin 3, 1973) .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , Yinon and Haberfeld , Yitchak . 2007 . Self-selection and earnings assimilation: immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel and the United States . Demography , 44 ( 3 ) : 649 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condran , Gretchen and Kramarow , Ellen A. 1991 . Child mortality among Jewish immigrants to the United States . Journal of Interdisciplinary History , 22 ( 2 ) : 223 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costacou , T. , Bamia , C. , Ferrari , P. , Riboli , E. , Trichopoulos , D. and Trichopoulou , A. 2003 . Tracing the Mediterranean diet through principal components and cluster analyses in the Greek population . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 57 ( 11 ) : 1368 – 1385 .
   Google Scholar
• Doll , Richard , Peto , Richard , Boreham , Jillian and Sutherland , Isabelle . 2004 . Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observation on male British doctors . British Medical Journal , 328 ( 7455 ) : 1519 – 1528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenbach , Zvi. 1994 . Socio-economic differences in mortality at old ages in Israel, 1983–88. Analysis of individual level data , in D. Friedlander and Y. Tamir , Socioeconomic Characteristics and Old Age Mortality Rates in Israel . Jerusalem : JDC-Brookdale Institute of Gerontology and Human Development and Hebrew University of Jerusalem , pp. 58 – 90 ( in Hebrew ).
   Google Scholar
• Estruch , Ramon , Angel Martinez-Gonzalez , Miguel , Corella , Dolores , Salas-Salvado , Jordi , Ruiz-Gituerrez , Valentina , Isabel Covas , Maria , Fiol , Miguel , Gomez-Gracia , Enrique , Carmen Lopez-Sabater , Mari , Vinyoles , Ernest , Aros , Fernando , Conde , Manuel , Lahoz , Carlos , Lapetra , Jose , Saez , Guilerrmo and Ros , Emilio . 2006 . Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors . Annals of Internal Medicine , 145 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishberg , Maurice. 1911 . The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment , New York and Melbourne : Walter Scott .
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2006 . Statistical Yearbook 2005–2006 , Volume 1. Availablehttp://www.fao.org/statistics/yearbook/vol_1_1/index.asp
   Google Scholar
• Forey , Barbara , Hamling , Jan , Lee , Peter and Wald , Nicholas . 2002 . International Smoking Statistics. A Collection of Historical Data from 30 Economically Developed Countries , 2nd edn , London : Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine and Oxford: Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friedlander , Dov , Schellekens , Jona and Sharashov-Cohen , Rephaela . 1995 . Old-age mortality in Israel: analysis of variation and change . Health Transition Review , 5 ( 1 ) : 59 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginsberg , Gary M. , Rosenberg , Elliot and Rosen , Laura . 2010 . Issues in estimating smoking attributable mortality in Israel . European Journal of Public Health , 20 ( 1 ) : 113 – 119 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gjonca , Arjan and Bobak , Martin . 1997 . Albanian paradox: another case of the protective effect of Mediterranean lifestyle? . Lancet , 350 ( 9094 ) : 1815 – 1817 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gjonca , Arjan , Wilson , Chris and Falkingham , Jane . 1997 . Paradoxes of health transition in Europe's poorest country: Albania 1950–90 . Population and Development Review , 23 ( 3 ) : 585 – 609 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassner , Barry and Berg , Bruce . 1980 . How Jews avoid alcohol problems . American Sociological Review , 45 ( 4 ) : 647 – 664 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldbourt , Uri and Medalie , Jack . 1975 . Characteristics of smokers, nonsmokers and ex-smokers among 10,000 adult males in Israel. I. The distribution of selected sociodemographic and behavioral variables and the prevalence of disease . Israel Journal of Medical Sciences , 11 ( 11 ) : 1079 – 1101 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hacohen , Dvora. 2003 . Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After , New York : Syracuse University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , Dena H. , Neumark , Yehuda D. , Eisenbach , Zvi and Manor , Orly . 2008 . Educational inequalities in mortality among Israeli Jews: changes over time in a dynamic population . Health and Place , 14 ( 2 ) : 287 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , Fanny , Kunst , Anton and Mackenbach , Johan . 2007 . Variations in the pace of old-age mortality decline in seven European countries, 1950–1999: the role of smoking and other factors earlier in life . European Journal of Population , 23 ( 2 ) : 171 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kark , Sidney L. 1976 . Variation in the sex ratio in cardiovascular mortality: a comparative analysis of mortality in adults of different populations . Israel Journal of Medical Sciences , 12 ( 10 ) : 1194 – 1206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knoops , Kim T. , Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot , Daan Kroumhout , Anne-Elisabeth Perrrin , Olga Moreiras-Varela , Alessandro Menotti , and Wija A. van Staveren . 2004 . Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project , Journal of American Medical Association 292 12 1433 – 1439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Davis , Devra and David , G. Hoel. 1992 . Letter to Editor: Tobacco-associated deaths . Lancet , 340 ( 8820 ) : 666
   Google Scholar
• Leviatan , Uri and Jiska Cohen . 1990 . Gender differences in life expectancy among kibbutz members , in Aaron Antonovsky , The Sociology of Health and Health Care in Israel (Studies of Israeli Society 5) . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction , pp. 131 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez , Alan D. , Collishaw , Neil E. and Piha , Tapani . 1994 . A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries . Tobacco Control , 3 ( 3 ) : 242 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez , Alan D. 1995 . “ The lung cancer epidemics in developed countries ” . In Adult Mortality in Developed Countries: From Description to Explanation , Edited by: Lopez , Alan D. , Caselli , Graziella and Valkonen , Tapani . 111 – 134 . Oxford : Clarendon Press and New York: Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manor , Orly , Eisenbach , Zvi , Israeli , Avi and Friedlander , Yechiel . 2000 . Mortality differentials among women: the Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study . Social Sciences and Medicine , 51 ( 8 ) : 1175 – 1188 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manor , Orly , Eisenbach , Zvi , Friedlander , Yechiel and Kark , Jeremy D. 2004 . Educational differences in mortality from cardiovascular disease among men and women: the Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study . Annals of Epidemiology , 14 ( 7 ) : 453 – 460 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez-Gonzalez , M. A. , de la , C. , Arrillaga , Fuente , Nunez-Cordoba , J. M. , Bsterra-Gortari , F. J. , Beunza , J. J. , Vazquez , Z. , Benito , S. , Tortosa , A. and Bes-Rastrollo , M. 2008 . Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: prospective cohort study . British Medical Journal , 336 ( 7657 ) : 1348 – 1351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinnis , J. Michael and Foege , H. William . 1993 . Actual causes of death in the United States . Journal of American Medical Association , 270 ( 18 ) : 2207 – 2212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael , Anthony J. , McKee , Martin , Shkolnikov , Vladimir and Valkonen , Tapani . 2004 . Mortality trends and setbacks: global convergence or divergence? . Lancet , 363 ( 9415 ) : 1155 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesle , France and Jacques Vallin . 2002 . Mortality in Europe: divergence between East and West , Population (English Edition) 57 1 157 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Mesle , France . 2004 . Mortality in Central and Eastern Europe: long-term trends and recent upturn , Demographic Research Special Collection 2(Article 3) : 45 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Mesle , France and Vallin , Jacques . 2006 . Diverging trends in female old-age mortality: the United States and the Netherlands versus France and Japan . Population and Development Review , 32 ( 1 ) : 123 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misrad haBriut, Medinat Israel . 2003 . Doch Sar haBriut al haIshun beIsrael 2002–2003 Report of the Minister of Health on Smoking in Israel 2002–2003
   Google Scholar
• Misrad haBriut, Medinat Israel . 2008 . Doch Sar haBriut al haIshun beIsrael 2007–2008 [Report of the Minister of Health on Smoking in Israel 2007–2008] , Publication 313. Available:http://www.health.gov.il/download/Pages/smoke2007_2008.pdf(in Hebrew) .
   Google Scholar
• Mokdad , Ali H. , Marks , James S. , Stroup , Donna F. and Gerberding , Julie L. 2004 . Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000 . Journal of American Medical Association , 291 ( 10 ) : 1238 – 1245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokdad , Ali H. , Marks , James S. , Stroup , Donna F. and Gerberding , Julie L. 2005 . Correction: actual causes of death in the United States, 2000 . Journal of American Medical Association , 293 ( 3 ) : 293 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute . 1997 . Changes in Cigarette Related Disease Risks and their Implication for Prevention and Control , Monograph No. 8 . Bethesda, MD : US Department of Health and Human Services , National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH Pub. 97-4213 .
   Google Scholar
• Ore , L. , Tamir , A. , Beiran , I. and Epstein , L. 1991 . Mortality trends among Jewish and non-Jewish women in Israel, 1960–82 . Israel Journal of Medical Sciences , 27 ( 1 ) : 30 – 36 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pampel , Fred C. 2002 . Cigarette use and the narrowing sex differentials in mortality . Population and Development Review , 28 ( 1 ) : 77 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pampel , Fred C. 2003 . Declining sex differences in mortality from lung cancer in high-income nations . Demography , 40 ( 1 ) : 45 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pampel , Fred. 2005 . Forecasting sex difference in mortality in high income nations: the contribution of smoking . Demographic Research , 13 : 455 – 484 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peritz , E. , Dreyfuss , F. , Halevi , H. S. and Schmelz , U. O. 1973 . Mortality of Adult Jews in Israel 1950–1967 , Jerusalem : Central Bureau of Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Peritz , Eric . 1986 . Mortality of African-born Jews in Israel , in Usiel O. Schmelz and Gad Nathan , Studies in the Population of Israel (Scripta Hierosolymitana, Volume 30) . Jerusalem : Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , pp. 229 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Peto , Richard , Alan D. Lopez , Jillian Boreham , Michael Thun , and Clark Heath Jr. , 1992 . Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national statistics , Lancet 339 8804 1268 – 1278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peto , Richard , Alan D. Lopez , Jillian Boreham , Michael Thun , and Clark Heath Jr. , 1994 . Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950–2000: Indirect Estimates from National Vital Statistics . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pitsavos , Christos , Demosphenes B. Panagiotakos , Christine Chrysohoou , Ioanna Papaioannou , Lambrso Papadimitriou , Dimitrios Tousoulis, Christodoulos Stafanidis, and Pavlos Toutouzas. 2003. The adoption of Mediterranean diet attenuates the development of acute coronary syndromes in people with the metabolic syndrome , Nutrition Journal 2 : 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , Samuel H. 1976 . Mortality Patterns in National Populations: With Special Reference to Recorded Causes of Death , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , Samuel H. and Wang , Haidong . 2006 . Sex mortality differences in the United States: the role of cohort smoking patterns . Demography , 43 ( 4 ) : 631 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston , Samuel H. , Glei , Dana A. and Wilmouth , John R. 2010 . A new method for estimating smoking-attributable mortality in high-income countries . International Journal of Epidemiology , 39 ( 2 ) : 430 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakower , Joseph. 1957 . Lung cancer in Israel . Cancer , 10 ( 1 ) : 67 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rau , R.oland , Soroko , E.ugeny , Jasilionis , D.omantas and Vaupel , J.ames W. 2008 . Continued reductions in mortality at advanced ages . Population and Development Review , 34 ( 4 ) : 747 – 768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravenholt , R. T. 1990 . Tobacco's global death march . Population and Development Review , 16 ( 2 ) : 213 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennert , G. , Tamir , A. , Katz , L. , Steiniz , R. and Epstein , L. 1988 . Lung cancer in Israel, 1962–1982. I. Jews and Arabs . European Journal of Epidemiology , 4 ( 4 ) : 461 – 469 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rennert , G. , Rennert , H. S. , Katz , L. and Epstein , L. 1990 . Lung cancer in Israel, 1962–1982. II. Ethnic differences among Jews . European Journal of Epidemiology , 6 ( 2 ) : 142 – 149 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Retherford , Robert D. 1975 . The Changing Sex Differential in Mortality , Studies in Population and Urban Demography No. 1. Westport, CT and London : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenwaike , Ira. 1994 . Causes of death among elderly Jews in New York City, 1979–1981 . International Journal of Epidemiology , 23 ( 2 ) : 327 – 332 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmelz , U. O. 1971 . Infant and Early Childhood Mortality Among Jews of the Diaspora , Jerusalem : The Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem .
   Google Scholar
• Shatenstein , Bryna and Jeremy , D. Kark. 1995 . Mortality in two Jewish populations—Montreal and Israel: environmental determinants of differences . International Journal of Epidemiology , 24 ( 4 ) : 730 – 739 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shkolnikov , Vladimir M. , Andreev , Evgueni , Anson , Jon and Mesle , France . 2004 . The peculiar pattern of mortality of Jews in Moscow, 1993–95 . Population Studies , 58 ( 3 ) : 311 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuval , Judith T. 1992 . Social Dimensions of Health: The Israeli Experience , Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Sicron , M. 2004 . Demografiya. Uchlusiyat Israel—Meafyanim veMegamot [Demography. Israel's Population—Characteristics & Trends] . Jerusalem : Carmel .
   Google Scholar
• Sofi , Francesco , Cesari , Francesca , Abbate , Rosanna , Franco Gensini , Gian and Casini , Alessandro . 2008 . Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis . British Medical Journal , 337 : 1344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staetsky , L. and Andrew Hinde . 2008 . Sex differentials in mortality among Israeli Jews in international perspective , S3RI Applications & Policy Working Papers, A08/07, University of Southampton, Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute. Available:http://www.s3ri.soton.ac.uk/publications/index.php
   Google Scholar
• Staetsky , Laura. 2009 . Diverging trends in female old-age mortality: a reappraisal . Demographic Research , 21 : 885 – 914 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staetsky , Laura and Hinde , Andrew . 2009 . Unusually small sex differentials in mortality of Israeli Jews: what does the structure of causes of death tell us? . Demographic Research , 20 : 209 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling , T. D. , Rosenbaum , W. L. and Weinkam , J. J. 1992 . Letter to Editor . Lancet , 340 ( 8820 ) : 666 – 668 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterling , T. D. , Rosenbaum , W. L. and Weinkam , J. J. 1993 . Risk attribution and tobacco-related deaths . American Journal of Epidemiology , 138 ( 2 ) : 128 – 139 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thom , Thomas J. , Frederick , H. Epstein , Jacob , J. Feldman and Paul , L. Leaverton. 1985 . Trends in total mortality and mortality from heart disease in 26 countries from 1950 to 1978 . International Journal of Epidemiology , 14 ( 4 ) : 510 – 520 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thom , T. J. and Epstein , F. H. 1994 . Heart disease, cancer, and stroke mortality trends and their interrelations. An international perspective . Circulation , 90 ( 1 ) : 574 – 582 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thun , Michael J. , Day-Lally , Cathy A. , Calle , Eugenia E. , Dana , W. , Heath , Flanders and Clark , W. Jr. 1995 . Excess mortality among cigarette smokers: changes in a 20-year interval . American Journal of Public Health , 85 ( 9 ) : 1223 – 1230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trichopoulou , Antonia and Lagiou , Pagona . 1997 . Healthy traditional Mediterranean diet: an expression of culture, history, and lifestyle . Nutrition Reviews , 55 ( 11 ) : 383 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trichopoulou , Antonia , Costacou , Tina , Bamia , Christina and Trichopoulos , Dimitrios . 2003 . Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population . The New England Journal of Medicine , 348 ( 26 ) : 2599 – 2608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trichopoulou , Antonia , Orfanos , Philippos , Norat , Terese , Bueno-de-Mesquita , Bas , Ocke , Marga , Peeters , Petra H. , van Schouw , Yvonne T. , Boeing , Heiner , Hoffmann , Kurt , Boffetta , Paolo , Nagel , Cabriele , Masala , Giovanna , Krogh , Vittorio , Panico , Salvatore , Tumino , Rosario , Vineis , Paolo , Bamia , Christina , Naska , Androniki , Benetou , Vassiliki , Ferrari , Pietro , Slimani , Nadia , Pera , Guillem , Martinez-Garcia , Carmen , Navarro , Carmane , Rodriguez-Barranco , Miguel , Dorronsoro , Miren , Spencer , Elizabeth , Key , Timothy , Bingham , Sheila , Khaw , Kay-Tee , Kesse , Emmanuelle , Clavel-Chapelton , Francoise , Boutron-Ruault , Marie-Christine , Berglund , Goran , Wirfalt , Elisabeth , Hallmans , Goran , Johansson , Ingegerd , Tjonneland , Anne , Olsen , Anja , Overvald , Kim , Hundborg , Heide , Riboli , Elio and Trichopoulos , Dimitrios . 2005 . Modified Mediterranean diet and survival EPIC-elderly prospective cohort study . British Medical Journal , 330 ( 7498 ) : 991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trichopoulou , Antonia , Bamia , Christina and Trichopoulos , Dimitrios . 2009 . Anatomy of health effects of Mediterranean diet: Greek EPIC prospective cohort study . British Medical Journal , 338 : 2337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trovato , Frank and Lalu , N. M. 1996 . Narrowing sex differentials in life expectancy in the industrialized world: early 1970's to early 1990's . Social Biology , 43 ( 1/2 ) : 20 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trovato , Frank and Lalu , N. M. 1998 . Contribution of cause-specific mortality to changing sex differences in life expectancy: seven nations study . Social Biology , 45 ( 1/2 ) : 1 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trovato , Frank and Nils , B. Heyen. 2006 . A varied pattern of change of the sex differential in survival in the G7 countries . Journal of Biosocial Science , 38 ( 3 ) : 391 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura , K.azuo and Pisa , Z.bynek . 1988 . Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in industrialized countries since 1950 . World Health Statistics Quarterly , 41 ( 3/4 ) : 155 – 178 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United Nations . 2007 . World Population Prospects Population Database: 2006 Revision . Available:http://esa.un.org/unpp/
   Google Scholar
• Valkonen , Tapani and Frans Van , Poppel. 1997 . The contribution of smoking to sex differences in life expectancy . European Journal of Public Health , 7 ( 3 ) : 302 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallin , Jacques and France Mesle . 2004 . Convergences and divergences in mortality. A new approach to health transition , Demographic Research Special Collection 2(Article 2) : 11 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Waldron , Ingrid. 1986 . The contribution of smoking to sex differences in mortality . Public Health Reports , 101 ( 2 ) : 163 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi-Pang , Wen , Pou Tsai , Shan , Chien-Jen , Chen and Ting-Yuan , Cheng. 2004 . The mortality risks of smokers in Taiwan. Part 1: cause-specific mortality . Preventive Medicine , 39 ( 3 ) : 528 – 535 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 1996 . Highlights on Health in Israel . Copenhagen : WHO Regional Office for Europe . Available: http://www.euro.who.int/document/e63925.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 2006a . Highlights on Health in Israel 2004 . Copenhagen : WHO Regional Office for Europe . Available:http://www.euro.who.int/document/e88549.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 2006b . World Health Organisation Statistical Information System [machine-readable database]. Available:http://www.who.int/whosis/mort/en/index.html
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation . 2010 . European health for all database , WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen . Available:http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/
   Google Scholar